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With the exception of the bone marrow and the lung in which the morbidity may be minimized by reducing the volume irradiated, other structures require limitations of total doses to minimize adverse effects. In thoracic irradiation, the most sensitive normal structure is the lung, while the heart and esophagus do not frequently have serious late effects. Pelvic irradiation carries a much greater risk of morbidity, primarily to the fixed segments of small bowel and less frequently to the large bowel and bladder. Irradiation of the upper aerodigestive tract may be complicated by necrosis of soft tissues and bone, especially the mandible. Dental management greatly affects the risk of complications. Bones and soft tissues elsewhere in the body are rarely affected except in the growing child. The normal pituitary may be irradiated when tumors near the base of the skull are treated. The production of growth hormone may especially be compromised in children. Acute, subacute, and late effects of irradiation of the brain are well recognized. While transient radiation myelopathy is frequent and not serious, progressive radiation myelopathy is rare but extremely grave. Host factors, other diseases, and technical aspects of radiation therapy affect the risks and severity of adverse effects on normal tissues. 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