{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:34:47Z","timestamp":1771914887975,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,1]],"date-time":"1989-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":625881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The management of mastalgia consists of classification into its various patterns: reassurance, drug therapy for severe cases, and, rarely, surgery. Differentiation into cyclical and noncyclical patterns on a simple pain chart is useful for objective assessment of pain severity and for selection of appropriate drug therapy and subsequent monitoring of response. About 85% of new patients will be satisfied with adequate reassurance, but some 15% will have persistent pain and warrant medical treatment. Only a small number of drugs have been adequately tested in controlled trials and have been demonstrated to be more effective than placebo; these are bromocriptine, danazol, evening primrose oil, and tamoxifen. No ideal agent exists and the choice of drug will depend on efficacy, side effects, and cost.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Noncyclical pain has a lower response rate compared to cyclical mastalgia, but differentiation of a subgroup with chest wall pain leads to an overall 90% response to treatment by local infiltration with steroid and lignocaine. Newer agents such as LHRH agonists are currently undergoing evaluation in double\u2010blind controlled trials against placebo.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The management of nodularity is based on the clinical differentiation of the normal spectrum of physiological change within the breast (ANDI), requiring simple reassurance, from a true dominant breast nodule that will require excision biopsy to exclude malignancy. When pain and lumpiness coexist, some reduction in overall nodularity (with the use of agents given for mastalgia) may occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01658417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,8]],"date-time":"2005-05-08T12:53:49Z","timestamp":1115556829000},"page":"699-705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Management of breast pain and nodularity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Maddox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Surgery University of Wales College of Medicine Heath Park CF4 4XN Cardiff Wales UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Mansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Surgery University of Wales College of Medicine Heath Park CF4 4XN Cardiff Wales UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.281.6253.1450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800741121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.11.1257"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91204-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92477-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92543-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800740324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"550","volume-title":"Principles of Gynaecology","author":"Jeffcoate N.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Diseases of the Breast","author":"Haagensen C.D.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198210143071611"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6104.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01806008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92506-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.135.3.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5995.498"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91932-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1986.tb07992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Maintenance therapy of cyclical mastalgia with low\u2010dose danazol","volume":"34","author":"Harrison B.J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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