{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:16:39Z","timestamp":1790874999736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]],"date-time":"1995-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":791596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf01719954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,12]],"date-time":"2005-06-12T03:09:03Z","timestamp":1118545743000},"page":"95-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Resurgence of diphtheria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Artur M.","family":"Galazka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George P.","family":"Oblapenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF01719954_CR1","first-page":"3","volume":"43","author":"AH Griffith","year":"1979","unstructured":"Griffith AH. The role of immunization in the control of diphtheria. Dev Biol Stand 1979; 43: 3\u201313.","journal-title":"Dev Biol Stand"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR2","first-page":"143","volume":"59","author":"Expanded Programme on Immunization","year":"1984","unstructured":"Expanded Programme on Immunization. Feasibility of elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 1984; 59: 143\u2013145.","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"76","author":"PC English","year":"1985","unstructured":"English PC. Diphtheria and theories of infectious disease: Centennial appreciation of the critical role of diphtheria in the history of medicine. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203123261118","volume":"326","author":"LC Kleinman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kleinman LC. To end an epidemic: Lessons from the history of diphtheria. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 773\u2013777.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR5","first-page":"74","volume-title":"History of American epidemiology","author":"JA Doull","year":"1952","unstructured":"Doull JA. The bacteriological era (1876\u20131920). In: Top FH (ed), History of American epidemiology. St Louis: Mosby, 1952: 74\u2013113."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.2.276","volume":"17","author":"AM Kass","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kass AM. Infectious diseases at the Boston City Hospital: The first 60 years. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 276\u2013282.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR7","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Infectious diseases in Poland in their control in 1919\u20131962","author":"J Kostrzewski","year":"1964","unstructured":"Kostrzewski J. Blonica (Diphtheria). In: Infectious diseases in Poland in their control in 1919\u20131962 (in Polish). Warszawa: Panstwowy Zaklad Wydawnictw Lekarskich, 1964: 96\u2013117."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4426.613","volume":"2","author":"G Stuart","year":"1945","unstructured":"Stuart G. Note on diphtheria incidence in certain European countries. Br Med J 1945; 2: 613\u2013615.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR9","first-page":"157","volume":"1","author":"K Stowman","year":"1945","unstructured":"Stowman K. Diphtheria rebounds. Epidemiol Inform Bull (UN Refugee and Relief Agency, Health Division) 1945; 1: 157\u2013168.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Inform Bull (UN Refugee and Relief Agency, Health Division)"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR10","first-page":"38","volume":"5","author":"SS Markina","year":"1989","unstructured":"Markina SS, Tymchakovskaja IM, Maksimova NM, Sukhorukova NL. Epidemic process of diphtheria infection in the RSFSR under epidemiological surveillance (in Russian). J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol 1989; 5: 38\u201342.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR11","first-page":"94","volume":"9","author":"NL Sukhorukova","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sukhorukova NL, Tymchakovskaya IM, Gimpelevich SD, Markina SS. Epidemiology of diphtheria in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialistic Republic under the conditions of mass immunization carried out over a period of many years (in Russian). J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol 1983; 9: 94\u201399.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR12","unstructured":"Tatochenko VK. Diphtheria situation in the Russian Federation. Presented at the Ninth Meeting of the European Advisory Group on the Expanded Programme on Immunization, Paris, 28 February\u20131 March 1994."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR13","first-page":"134","volume":"68","author":"Expanded Programme on Immunization","year":"1993","unstructured":"Expanded Programme on Immunization. Outbreak of diphtheria, update, Russian Federation. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 1993; 68: 134\u2013138.","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR14","first-page":"44","volume":"12","author":"MI Narkevich","year":"1990","unstructured":"Narkevich MI, Onishchenko GG, Bolotovskij WM, et al. Status of immunoprophylaxis in the USSR and ways of its improvement (in Russian). J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol 1990; 12: 44\u201350.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR15","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Fight with diphtheria in Moscow and its prophylaxis","author":"NN Filatov","year":"1993","unstructured":"Filatov NN, Maksimova NM, Chistjakova GG. Fight with diphtheria in Moscow and its prophylaxis (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg, 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 39\u201343."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR16","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Mass immunization against diphtheria in Moscow","author":"IN Lytkina","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lytkina IN, Leshkevitsch R. Mass immunization against diphtheria in Moscow (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg, 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 64\u201368."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR17","first-page":"253","volume":"69","author":"Expanded Programme on Immunization","year":"1994","unstructured":"Expanded Programme on Immunization. Diphtheria epidemic, Ukraine. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 1994; 69: 253\u2013258.","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR18","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Efforts to change a negative attitude toward immunization among medical workers and the population","author":"NN Waganov","year":"1993","unstructured":"Waganov NN, Tymchakovskaja IM, Sadovnikova WN, Zhilina NJ. Efforts to change a negative attitude toward immunization among medical workers and the population (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg, 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 107\u2013109."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR19","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Diphtheria in Russia","author":"AA Monisov","year":"1993","unstructured":"Monisov AA, Waganov NN. Diphtheria in Russia (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg, 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/ Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 21\u201329."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR20","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Experience in mass immunization in St. Petersburg","author":"MA Okuneva","year":"1993","unstructured":"Okuneva MA, Voronov IM. Experience in mass immunization in St. Petersburg (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg, 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 61\u201363."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR21","unstructured":"Expanded Programme on Immunization. Impact on immunization programme, USSR. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 1986; 61: 221\u2013222."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR22","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Mass immunization","author":"WN Sadovnikova","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sadovnikova WN, Zhilina HJ. Mass immunization (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/ Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 58\u201360."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR23","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Diphtheria epidemic in Ukraine","author":"AW Moiceeva","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moiceeva AW, Marijevski WF. Diphtheria epidemic in Ukraine (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg, 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 30\u201339."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galazka AM, Robertson SE. Diphtheria: Changing patterns in the developing world and the industrialized world. European Journal of Epidemiology 1995; 11: 107ff.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01719955"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR25","volume-title":"Diphtheria epidemic in Europe: emergency and response","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diphtheria epidemic in Europe: emergency and response. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, and Lyon: Fondation Marcel Merieux, 1994."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR26","first-page":"76","volume":"4","author":"RP Chuprinina","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chuprinina RP, Rezepov FF, Selezneva VP, et al. The problem of the standardization of methods for evaluation of the immunogenic potency of all components of adsorbed DPT vaccine (in Russian). J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol 1993; 4: 76\u201380.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunol"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR27","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Effectiveness of vaccine: Results of study in Russia and Ukraine","author":"I Hardy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hardy I. Effectiveness of vaccine: Results of study in Russia and Ukraine (in Russian). Proc Meeting on Diphtheria Epidemic in Europe, St. Petersburg, 5\u20137 July 1993. Lyon\/Copenhagen: Fondation Marcel Merieux and WHO, 1993: 118\u2013122."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR28","first-page":"349","volume":"69","author":"Expanded Programme on Immunization","year":"1994","unstructured":"Expanded Programme on Immunization. Diphtheria outbreak, Belarus. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 1994; 69: 349\u2013352.","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91918-C","volume":"342","author":"J Lumio","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lumio J, Jahkola M, Vuento R, Haikala O, Eskola J. Diphtheria after visit in Russia (letter). Lancet 1993; 342: 53\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR30","first-page":"261","volume":"68","author":"Expanded Programme on Immunization","year":"1993","unstructured":"Expanded Programme on Immunization. Recrudescence of diphtheria, Poland. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 1993; 68: 261\u2013264.","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR31","first-page":"287","volume":"63","author":"EE Jones","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jones EE, Kim-Farley RJ, Algunaid M, Parvez MA, Ballad YA, Hightower AW, et al. Diphtheria: A possible foodborne outbreak in Hodeida, Yemen Arab Republic. Bull World Health Organ 1985; 63: 287\u2013293.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR32","first-page":"79","volume":"83","author":"N Khuri-Bulos","year":"1980","unstructured":"Khuri-Bulos N. Diphtheria in Jordan: A diminishing yet important paediatric disease. J Trop Med Hyg 1980; 83: 79\u201383.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR33","first-page":"65","volume":"66","author":"N Khuri-Bulos","year":"1988","unstructured":"Khuri-Bulos N, Hamzah Y, Sammerrai SM, et al. The changing epidemiology of diphtheria in Jordan. Bull World Health Organ 1988; 66: 65\u201368.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/31.1.8","volume":"31","author":"MAM Salih","year":"1985","unstructured":"Salih MAM, Hakeem FE, Suliman GI, Hassan HS, Khatim ASE. An epidemiological study of the 1978 outbreak of diphtheria in Khartoum Province. J Trop Ped l985;31: 8\u201312.","journal-title":"J Trop Ped"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1981.11748069","volume":"1","author":"MAM Salih","year":"1981","unstructured":"Salih MAM, Suliman GI, Hassan HS. Complications of diphtheria seen during the 1978 outbreak in Khartoum. Ann Trop Paediatr 1981; 1: 97\u2013101.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR36","first-page":"353","volume":"68","author":"BP Loevinsohn","year":"1990","unstructured":"Loevinsohn BP. The changing age structure of diphtheria patients: Evidence for the effectiveness of EPI in the Sudan. Bull World Health Organ 1990; 68: 353\u2013357.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.4.807","volume":"21","author":"Y Youwang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Youwang Y, Jianming D, Yong X, Pong Z. Epidemiological features of an outbreak of diphtheria and its control with diphtheria toxoid immunization. Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21: 807\u2013811.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1993.11747620","volume":"13","author":"AA Geldermalsen Van","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van Geldermalsen AA, Wenning U. A diphtheria epidemic in Lesotho, 1989: Did vaccination increase the population's susceptibility? Ann Trop Paediatr 1993; 13: 13\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR39","first-page":"177","volume":"4","author":"A Dif","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dif A, Grangaud JP, Djender L, Mesback S. A propos des probl\u00e8mes pos\u00e9s par l'epdemie de diptherie en Algerie en 1993. J Alg Med 1994; 4: 177\u2013180.","journal-title":"J Alg Med"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR40","first-page":"5","volume":"16","author":"Expanded Programme on Immunization in the Americas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Expanded Programme on Immunization in the Americas. Diphtheria epidemic in Ecuador. EPI Newsletter 1994; 16: 5\u20136, 8.","journal-title":"EPI Newsletter"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.1.59","volume":"16","author":"KM Farizo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Farizo KM, Strebel PM, Chen RT, Kimbler A, Cleary TJ, Cochi SL. Fatal respiratory disease due toCorynebacterium diphtheriae: Case report and review of guidelines for management, investigation, and control. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 59\u201368.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR42","volume-title":"Manual for the management and control of diphtheria","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Manual for the management and control of diphtheria. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1994."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR43","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Actual problems of infectious pathology, Part 1","author":"AG Rachmanova","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rachmanova AG, Progozhin WK, Rusalchuk WW, et al. Diphtheria in St. Petersburg in 1992. In: Actual problems of infectious pathology, Part 1 (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Institut Pasteur, 1993: 159."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548609032332","volume":"18","author":"B Bjorkholm","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bjorkholm B, Bottiger M, Christenson B, Hagberg L. Antitoxin antibody levels and the outcome of illness during an outbreak of diphtheria among alcoholics. Scand J Infect Dis 1986; 18: 235\u2013239.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801073180103","volume":"318","author":"R Rappuoli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rappuoli R, Perugini M, Falsen E. Molecular epidemiology of the 1984\u20131986 outbreak of diphtheria in Sweden. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 12\u201314.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-1-71","volume":"111","author":"JP Harnisch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Harnisch JP, Tronca E, Nolan CM, Turck M, Holmes KK. Diphtheria among alcoholic urban adults: A decade of experience in Seattle. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 71\u201382.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.12.1393","volume":"12","author":"RT Chen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Chen RT, Broome CV, Weinstein RA, Weaver R, Tsai TF. Diphtheria in the United States, 1971\u201381. Am J Public Health 1985; 12: 1393\u20131397.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"BF01719954_CR48","volume-title":"Plan of action for diphtheria control in the European Region","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Plan of action for diphtheria control in the European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1994."},{"key":"BF01719954_CR49","volume-title":"Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1994."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01719954.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01719954\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01719954","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T13:35:24Z","timestamp":1586266524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01719954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BF01719954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01719954","relation":{},"ISSN":["0392-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0392-2990","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]}}}