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However, in the primordial germ cells, reactivation occurs around the time of meiosis. Owing to random inactivation in somatic cells, all female mice and humans are mosaic for X\u2010linked gene function. Variable mosaicism can result in expression of disease in human females heterozygous for an X\u2010linked gene defect.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In the extra\u2010embryonic lineages of female mouse embryos, and in the somatic cells of female marsupials, the paternally inherited X chromosome is preferentially inactivated. The X chromosomes in the egg and sperm must be differentially marked or imprinted, so that they are distinguished by the inactivation mechanism in these tissues.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Initiation of inactivation of an entire X chromosome appears to spread from a single X\u2010inactivation centre and may involve the recently discovered gene,<jats:italic>XIST<\/jats:italic>, which is expressed only from the inactive X chromosome. The maintenance of inactivation of certain household genes on the inactive X chromosome involves methylation of CpG islands in their 5' regions. Critical CpG sites are methylated at, or very close to, the time of inactivation in development.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The mouse and the human X chromosomes carry the same genes but their arrangement is different and there are some genes in the pairing segment and elsewhere on the human X chromosome which can escape inactivation. Regions of homology between the mouse and human X chromosomes allow prediction of the map positions of homologous genes and provide mouse models of genetic disease in the human.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01799608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,21]],"date-time":"2005-06-21T17:25:03Z","timestamp":1119374703000},"page":"499-513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The X chromosome in development in mouse and man"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Monk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Mammalian Development Unit  4 Stephenson Way London NW1 2HE UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351406a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349084a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351153a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90514-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351325a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351329a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349038a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349082a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3628.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"594","article-title":"Comparative maps of human and mouse X chromosomes","volume":"40","author":"Buckle VJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.23.6.494"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(91)90318-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.09.120175.000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/315496a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Genomic Imprinting Development Supplement","author":"Cattanach BM","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000133726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90513-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/274500a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Clonal origin of human tumours","volume":"458","author":"Fialkow PJ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90416-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.17.120183.001103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"777","article-title":"The cell surface antigen locus, MIC2X, escapes X\u2010inactivation","volume":"36","author":"Goodfellow P","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91537-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(82)90071-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570786"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"857","article-title":"Genomic imprinting: review and relevance to human disease","volume":"46","author":"Hall JG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.8.11.4692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Preferential paternal X inactivation in extra\u2010embryonic tissues of early mouse embryos","volume":"67","author":"Harper MI","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000132835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351665a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Genomic Imprinting. 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