{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:02:33Z","timestamp":1792112553275,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,12,1]],"date-time":"1988-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":596937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02211871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,6]],"date-time":"2005-10-06T00:11:21Z","timestamp":1128557481000},"page":"525-538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Producing speech use in nonverbal autistic children by reinforcing attempts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Koegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"O'Dell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Dunlap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02211871_CR1","volume-title":"Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change","author":"D. H. Barlow","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barlow, D. H., & Hersen, M. (1984).Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (2nd ed.). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1971.01750150016003","volume":"25","author":"D. W. Churchill","year":"1971","unstructured":"Churchill, D. W. (1971). Effects of success and failure in psychotic children.Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 208\u2013214.","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(84)90057-2","volume":"37","author":"G. Dunlap","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dunlap, G. (1984). The influence of task variation and maintenance tasks on the learning and affect of autistic children.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 41\u201364.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1980.13-619","volume":"13","author":"G. Dunlap","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dunlap, G., & Koegel, R. L. (1980). Motivating autistic children through stimulus variation.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 619\u2013627.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(80)90050-8","volume":"30","author":"A. L. Egel","year":"1980","unstructured":"Egel, A. L. (1980). The effects of constant versus varied reinforcer presentation on responding by autistic children.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30, 455\u2013463.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1981.14-345","volume":"14","author":"A. L. Egel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Egel, A. L. (1981). Reinforcer variation: Implications for motivating developmentally disabled children.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 345\u2013350.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1968.27.3f.1071","volume":"27","author":"K. R. Fineman","year":"1968","unstructured":"Fineman, K. R. (1968). Shaping and increasing verbalizations in an autistic child in response to visual color stimulation.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 27, 1071\u20131074.","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR8","first-page":"169","volume":"79","author":"E. E. Garcia","year":"1974","unstructured":"Garcia, E. E., & DeHaven, E. D. (1974). Use of operant techniques in the establishment and generalization of language: A review and analysis.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 79, 169\u2013178.","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR9","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Behavior therapy for the developmentally and physically disabled","author":"L. Goetz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Goetz, L., Schuler, A., & Sailor, W. (1983). Motivational considerations in teaching language to severely handicapped studlents. In M. Hersen, V. Van Hassett, & J. Matson (Eds.),Behavior therapy for the developmentally and physically disabled (pp. 57\u201377). New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1965.tb00472.x","volume":"35","author":"F. M. Hewett","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hewett, F. M. (1965). Teaching speech to an autistic child through operant conditioning.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 35, 927\u2013936.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR11","volume-title":"Language intervention strategies","author":"J. H. Hollis","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hollis, J. H., & Carrier, Q. K. (1978). Intervention stategies for nonspeech children. In R. L. Schiefelbusch (Ed.),Language intervention strategies. Baltimore: University Park Press."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR12","volume-title":"Phonological disability in children","author":"D. Ingram","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ingram, D. (1976).Phonological disability in children. New York: Elsevier."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1986.19-425","volume":"19","author":"L. K. Koegel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Koegel, L. K., & Koegel, R. L. (1986). The effects of interspersed maintenance tasks on academic performance in a severe childhood stroke victim.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 425\u2013430.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1987.20-243","volume":"20","author":"R. L. Koegel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., Dyer, K., & Bell, L. K. (1987). The influence of child-preferred activities on autistic children's social behavior.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 243\u2013252.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.88.4.418","volume":"88","author":"R. L. Koegel","year":"1979","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., & Egel, A. L. (1979). Motivating autistic children.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 418\u2013426.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR16","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., & Johnson, J. (in press). Motivating language use in autistic children. In G. Dawson (Ed.),Autism: New perspectives on diagnosis. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR17","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Generalization and maintenance: Lifestyle changes in applied settings","author":"R. L. Koegel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (1988). Generalized responsivity and pivotal behaviors. In R. H. Horner, G. Dunlap, & R. L. Koegel (Eds.),Generalization and maintenance: Lifestyle changes in applied settings (pp. 41\u201366). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1985.tb02259.x","volume":"26","author":"R. L. Koegel","year":"1985","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., & Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won't they?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 185\u2013191.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01495055","volume":"17","author":"R. L. Koegel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., O'Dell, M. C., & Koegel, L. K. (1987). A natural language teaching paradigm for nonverbal autistic children.Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, 17, 187\u2013200.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Development Disorders"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01538058","volume":"6","author":"R. L. Koegel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., & Schreibman, L. (1976). Identification of consistent responding to auditory stimuli by a functionally \u201cdeaf\u201d autistic child.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 147\u2013155.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR21","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Educating and Understanding Autistic Children","author":"R. L. Koegel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., & Traphagen, J. (1982). Selection of initial words of speech training with nonverbal children. In R. L. Koegel, A. Rincover, & A. L. Egel (Eds.),Educating and Understanding Autistic Children (pp. 65\u201377). San Diego: College-Hill Press."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR22","volume-title":"The autistic child","author":"O. I. Lovaas","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lovaas, O. I. (1977).The autistic child. New York: Irvington."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1126\/science.151.3711.705","volume":"151","author":"O. I. Lovaas","year":"1966","unstructured":"Lovaas, O. I., Berberich, J. P., Perooff, B. F., & Schaeffer, B. (1966). Acquisition of imitative speech by schizophrenic children.Science, 151, 705\u2013707.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/001440297103700803","volume":"37","author":"D. L. MacMillan","year":"1971","unstructured":"MacMillan, D. L. (1971). The problem of motivation in the education of the mentally retarded.Exceptional Children, 37, 579\u2013586.","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR25","first-page":"90","volume":"80","author":"D. L. MacMillan","year":"1975","unstructured":"MacMillan, D. L. (1975). Effect of experimental success and failure on the situational expectancy of EMR and nonretarded children.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80, 90\u201395.","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR26","volume-title":"Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it","author":"G. Martin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Martin, G., & Pear, J. (1978).Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR27","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Early childhood autism: Clinical, educational, and social aspects","author":"P. Mittler","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mittler, P. (1966). The psychological assessment of autistic children, In J. K. Wing (Ed.),Early childhood autism: Clinical, educational, and social aspects (pp. 145\u2013158). London: Pergamon Press."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR28","first-page":"229","volume":"18","author":"E. Moerk","year":"1972","unstructured":"Moerk, E. (1972). Principles of interaction in language learning.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 18, 229\u2013257.","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR29","volume-title":"Early childhood autism: Clinical, educational, and social aspects","author":"M. Rutter","year":"1966","unstructured":"Rutter, M. (1966). Prognosis: Psychotic children in adolescence and early adult life. In J. K. Wing (Ed.),Early childhood autism: Clinical, educational, and social aspects. London: Pergamon."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537863","volume":"8","author":"M. Rutter","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 139\u2013161.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR31","first-page":"235","volume":"34","author":"E. R. Ritvo","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ritvo, E. R. & Freeman, B. J. (1978). National Society for Autistic Children definition of the syndrome of autism.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 34, 235\u2013255.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR32","volume-title":"Generative phonology","author":"S. A. Schane","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schane, S. A. (1973).Generative phonology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR33","volume-title":"Language intervention strategies","author":"J. B. Schumaker","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schumaker, J. B. & Sherman, J. A. (1978). Parent as intervention agent. In R. L. Schiefelbusch (Ed.),Language intervention strategies. Baltimore: University Park Press."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1962.5-531","volume":"5","author":"B. F. Skinner","year":"1962","unstructured":"Skinner, B. F. (1962). Two \u201csynthetic social relations.\u201dJournal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 531\u2013533.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"BF02211871_CR35","volume-title":"Operant procedures in remedial speech and language\/training","author":"H. N. Sloane","year":"1968","unstructured":"Sloane, H. N., & Macaulay, B. D. (1968).Operant procedures in remedial speech and language\/training. New York: Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"BF02211871_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040934","volume":"66","author":"R. W. White","year":"1959","unstructured":"White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.Psychological Review, 66, 297\u2013333.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02211871.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02211871\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02211871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T18:57:56Z","timestamp":1557860276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02211871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02211871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02211871","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,12]]}}}