{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:57:49Z","timestamp":1785859069362,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02258232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,22]],"date-time":"2005-11-22T13:51:14Z","timestamp":1132667474000},"page":"1297-1311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Internal anal sphincter"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Yash P.","family":"Sangwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio A.","family":"Solla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"BF02258232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.8.645","volume":"17","author":"BD Hancock","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hancock BD. Measurement of anal pressure and motility. Gut 1976;17:645\u201351.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02552275","volume":"32","author":"DJ Waldron","year":"1989","unstructured":"Waldron DJ, Kumar D, Hallan RI, Williams NS. Prolonged ambulant assessment of anorectal function in patients with prolapsing hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:968\u201374.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909092248","volume":"24","author":"SM Sorensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sorensen SM, Gregersen H, Sorensen S, Djurhuus JC. Spontaneous anorectal pressure activity: evidence of internal anal sphincter contractions in response to rectal pressure waves. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:115\u2013200.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.9.4.457","volume":"9","author":"WJ Wankling","year":"1968","unstructured":"Wankling WJ, Brown BH, Collins CD, Duthie HL. Basal electrical activity in the anal canal in man. Gut 1968;9:457\u201360.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR5","first-page":"465","volume":"31","author":"R Kerremans","year":"1968","unstructured":"Kerremans R. Electrical activity and motility of the internal anal sphincter; an \u201cin vivo\u201d electrophysiological study in man. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1968;31:465\u201382.","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800690713","volume":"69","author":"MG Read","year":"1982","unstructured":"Read MG, Read NW, Haynes WG, Donnelly TC, Johnson AG. A prospective study of the effect of haemorrhoidectomy on sphincter function and faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1982;69:396\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800621021","volume":"62","author":"BD Hancock","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hancock BD, Smith K. The internal anal sphincter and Lord's procedure for haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 1975;62:833\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(92)90027-C","volume":"6","author":"F Penninckx","year":"1992","unstructured":"Penninckx F, Lestar B, Kerremans R. The internal anal sphincter: mechanisms of control and its role in maintaining anal continence. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1992;6:193\u2013214.","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054223","volume":"38","author":"YP Sangwan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Schoetz DJ Jr, Roberts PL, Murray JJ. Relationship between manometric anal waves and fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:370\u20134.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR10","volume-title":"The involuntary nervous system","author":"WH Gaskell","year":"1920","unstructured":"Gaskell WH. The involuntary nervous system. New York: Longman Inc, 1920."},{"key":"BF02258232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193012000-00005","volume":"92","author":"FW Rankin","year":"1930","unstructured":"Rankin FW, Learmonth JR. Section of sympathetic nerves of the distal part of the colon and rectum in treatment of Hirschsprung's disease and certain types of constipation. Ann Surg 1930;92:710\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01645312","volume":"3","author":"A Carlstedt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carlstedt A, Nordqren S, Fasth S, Appelgren L, Hult\u00e9n L. Sympathetic nervous influence on the internal anal sphincter and rectum in man. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988;3:90\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.4.306","volume":"17","author":"B Frenckner","year":"1976","unstructured":"Frenckner B, Ihre T. Influence of autonomic nerves on the internal anal sphincter in man. Gut 1976;17:306\u201312.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.6.482","volume":"16","author":"B Frenckner","year":"1975","unstructured":"Frenckner B, von Euler C. Influence of pudendal block on the function of the anal sphincters. Gut 1975;16:482\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR15","first-page":"104","volume":"7","author":"AG Parks","year":"1966","unstructured":"Parks AG, Fishlock DJ, Cameron JD, May H. Catecholamine release in the lower gastrointestinal tract [abstract]. Gut 1966;7:104.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233663","volume":"13","author":"CA Friedmann","year":"1968","unstructured":"Friedmann CA. The action of nicotine and catecholamines on the human internal anal sphincter. Am J Dig Dis 1968;13:428\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR17","first-page":"217","volume":"60","author":"AG Parks","year":"1967","unstructured":"Parks AG, Fishlock DJ. Catecholamines. Proc R Soc Med 1967;60:217.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80142-5","volume":"84","author":"DE Burleigh","year":"1983","unstructured":"Burleigh DE, D'Mello A. Neural and pharmacologic factors affecting motility of the internal anal sphincter. Gastroenterology 1983;84:409\u201317.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010747","volume":"243","author":"JR Garrett","year":"1974","unstructured":"Garrett JR, Howard ER, Jones W. The internal anal sphincter in the cat: a study of nervous mechanisms affecting tone and reflex activity. J Physiol (Lond) 1974;243:153\u201366.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08425.x","volume":"133","author":"A Carlstedt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carlstedt A, Fasth S, Hult\u00e9n L, Nordgren S. The sympathetic innervation of the internal anal sphincter and rectum in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1988;133:423\u201331.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR21","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Fifth international symposium of gastrointestinal motility","author":"JG Gutierrez","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gutierrez JG, Shah AN. Autonomic control of the internal anal sphincter in man. In: van Trappen G, ed. Fifth international symposium of gastrointestinal motility. Herentals, Belgium: Typoff Press, 1975:363\u201373."},{"key":"BF02258232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198212303072702","volume":"307","author":"LR Schiller","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schiller LR, Santa Ana CA, Schmulen AC, Hendler RS, Harford WV, Fordtran JS. Pathogenesis of fecal incontinence in diabetes mellitus: evidence for internalanal-sphincter dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1661\u201371.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233661","volume":"13","author":"JJ Shepherd","year":"1968","unstructured":"Shepherd JJ, Wright PG. The response of the internal anal sphincter in man to stimulation of the presacral nerve. Am J Dig Dis 1968;13:421\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800740804","volume":"74","author":"DZ Lubowski","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lubowski DZ, Nicholls RJ, Swash M, Jordan MJ. Neural control of internal anal sphincter function. Br J Surg 1987;74:668\u201370.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341242","volume":"6","author":"DZ Lubowski","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lubowski DZ, Swash M. Effect of sympathetic innervation on the human internal anal sphincter [letter]. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6:175\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08550.x","volume":"135","author":"A Carlstedt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Carlstedt A, Nordgren S, Fasth S, Hult\u00e9n L. The influence of the pelvic nerves on anorectal motility in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1989;135:57\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013561","volume":"310","author":"M Bouvier","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bouvier M, Gonella J. Nervous control of the internal anal sphincter of the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 1981;310:457\u201369.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR28","first-page":"77","volume":"26","author":"WR Gowers","year":"1877","unstructured":"Gowers WR. The automatic action of the sphincter ani. Proc R Soc Lond 1877;26:77\u201384.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/58.2.256","volume":"58","author":"D Denny Brown","year":"1935","unstructured":"Denny Brown D, Robertson EG. An investigation of the nervous control of defaecation. Brain 1935;58:256\u2013310.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR30","first-page":"1143","volume":"52","author":"F Tobon","year":"1967","unstructured":"Tobon F, Reid NC, Talbert JL, Schuster MM. A manometric test for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1967;52:1143.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196801252780404","volume":"278","author":"F Tobon","year":"1968","unstructured":"Tobon F, Reid NC, Talbert JL, Schuster MM. Nonsurgical test for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. N Engl J Med 1968;278:188\u201394.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(67)80011-3","volume":"2","author":"JO Lawson","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lawson JO, Nixon HH. Anal canal pressures in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 1967;2:544\u201352.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104706","volume":"42","author":"MM Schuster","year":"1963","unstructured":"Schuster MM, Hendrix TR, Mendeloff AL. The internal anal sphincter response: manometric studies on its normal physiology, neural pathways, and alteration in bowel disorders. J Clin Invest 1963;42:196\u2013207.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR34","first-page":"280","volume":"87","author":"EA Gaston","year":"1948","unstructured":"Gaston EA. The physiology of fecal incontinence. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1948;87:280\u201390.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91619-3","volume":"96","author":"D Kumar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kumar D, Phillips SF. Human myenteric plexus: confirmation of unfamiliar structures in adults and neonates. Gastroenterology 1989;96:1021\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000128350","volume":"15","author":"C Cortesini","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cortesini C, Pucciani F, Carassale GL, Paparozzi C. Anorectal physiology after anterior resection and pullthrough operation. Eur Surg Res 1983;15:176\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562642","volume":"31","author":"G Pappalardo","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pappalardo G, Toccaceli S, Dionisio P, Castrini G, Ravo B. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation by manometric study of the anal sphincter after coloanal anastomosis for carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1988;31:119\u201322.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800630713","volume":"63","author":"B Gunterberg","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gunterberg B, Kewenter J, Peters\u00e9n I, Stener B. Anorectal function after major resections of the sacrum with bilateral or unilateral sacrifice of sacral nerves. Br J Surg 1976;63:546\u201354.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02560329","volume":"29","author":"F Andreoli","year":"1986","unstructured":"Andreoli F, Balloni F, Bigiotti A,et al. Anorectal continence and bladder function: effects of major sacral resection. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:647\u201352.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1969.tb06306.x","volume":"41","author":"KK Verma","year":"1972","unstructured":"Verma KK, Stephens D. Neuromuscular reflexes of rectal continence. Aust N Z J Surg 1972;41:263\u201372.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.8.638","volume":"16","author":"B Frenckner","year":"1975","unstructured":"Frenckner B. Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man. Gut 1975;16:638\u201344.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00585532","volume":"370","author":"P Meunier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Meunier P, Mollard P. Control of the internal anal sphincter (manometric study with human subjects). Pflugers Arch 1977;370:233\u20139.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010786","volume":"244","author":"GD Hirst","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hirst GD, Holman ME, McKirdy HC. Two descending nerve pathways activated by distension of guinea-pig small intestine. J Physiol (Lond) 1975;244:113\u201327.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.25.759","volume":"25","author":"H Suzuki","year":"1975","unstructured":"Suzuki H, Kuriyama H. Electrical and mechanical properties of longitudinal and circular muscles of the guinea-pig ileum. Jpn J Physiol 1975;25:759\u201373.","journal-title":"Jpn J Physiol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1984.01390170026006","volume":"119","author":"JM Becker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Becker JM. Anal sphincter function after colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and endorectal ileoanal pullthrough. Arch Surg 1984;119:526\u201331.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198601000-00010","volume":"203","author":"SJ Stryker","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stryker SJ, Kelly KA, Phillips SF, Dozois RR, Beart RW Jr. Anal and neorectal function after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Ann Surg 1986;203:55\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00478-7","volume":"16","author":"JA Coller","year":"1987","unstructured":"Coller JA. Clinical application of anorectal manometry. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1987;16:17\u201333.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR48","first-page":"79","volume":"116","author":"MM Schuster","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schuster MM, Hookman P, Hendrix TR, Mendeloff AI. Simultaneous manometric recording of internal and external anal sphincteric reflexes. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1965;116:79\u201388.","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053859","volume":"38","author":"Y Gang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gang Y. What is the desirable stimulus to induce the rectoanal inhibitory reflex? Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:60\u20133.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.13.2.138","volume":"13","author":"I Aaronson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Aaronson I, Nixon HH. A clinical evaluation of anorectal pressure studies in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Gut 1972;13:138\u201346.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.43.231.569","volume":"43","author":"ER Howard","year":"1968","unstructured":"Howard ER, Nixon HH. Internal anal sphincter: observations on development and mechanism of inhibitory responses in premature infants and children with Hirschsprung's disease. Arch Dis Child 1968;43:569\u201378.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(81)80546-5","volume":"16","author":"MR Davies","year":"1981","unstructured":"Davies MR, Cywes S, Rode H. The manometric evaluation of the rectosphincteric reflex in total colonic aganglionosis. J Pediatr Surg 1981;16:660\u20133.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553850","volume":"27","author":"A Nagasaki","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nagasaki A, Ikeda K, Suita S, Sumitomo K. Induction of the rectoanal reflex by electric stimulation: a diagnostic aid for Hirschsprung's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1984;27:598\u2013601.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562125","volume":"32","author":"A Nagasaki","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nagasaki A, Ikeda K, Sumitomo K. Rectoanal reflex induced by H2O thermal stimulation. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:765\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR55","first-page":"43","volume":"56","author":"HG Baumgarten","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baumgarten HG, Holstein AF, Stelzner F. Unterschiede in der Innervation des Dickdarmes und des Sphincter ani internus bei S\u00e4ugern und beim Menschen. Verh Anat Ges 1971;56:43\u20137.","journal-title":"Verh Anat Ges"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.5.393","volume":"14","author":"F Penninckx","year":"1973","unstructured":"Penninckx F, Kerremans R, Beckers J. Pharmacological characteristics of the non-striated anorectal musculature in cats. Gut 1973;14:393\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.8.674","volume":"10","author":"AG Parks","year":"1969","unstructured":"Parks AG, Fishlock DJ, Cameron JD, May H. Preliminary investigation of the pharmacology of the human internal anal sphincter. Gut 1969;10:674\u20137.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012627","volume":"286","author":"V Rayner","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rayner V. Characteristics of the internal anal sphincter and the rectum of the vervet monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 1979;286:383\u201399.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR59","first-page":"392","volume":"56","author":"AO Adebanjo","year":"1976","unstructured":"Adebanjo AO, Ambache N, Verney J. Proceedings: the inhibitory transmission to the internal anal sphincter. Br J Pharmacol 1976;56:392\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013560","volume":"310","author":"M Bouvier","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bouvier M, Gonella J. Electrical activity from smooth muscle of the anal sphincter area of the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 1981;310:445\u201356.","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR61","first-page":"185","volume":"127","author":"DD Bass","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bass DD, Ustach TJ, Schuster MM.In vitro pharmacologic differentiation of sphincteric and non-sphincteric muscle. Johns Hopkins Med J 1970;127:185\u201391.","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Med J"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"BF02258232_CR62","first-page":"47","volume":"71","author":"FM Penninckx","year":"1982","unstructured":"Penninckx FM, Mebis JH, Kerremans RP. The rectoanal reflex in cats analysedin vitro. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982;71 (Suppl):47\u20139.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.7.4.307","volume":"7","author":"A Bennett","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bennett A, Whitney B. A pharmacological study of the motility of the human gastrointestinal tract. Gut 1966;7:307\u201316.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR64","first-page":"457","volume-title":"Pharmacology of gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Vol 2","author":"EE Daniel","year":"1973","unstructured":"Daniel EE. A conceptual analysis of the pharmacology of gastrointestinal motility. In: Holton P, ed. Pharmacology of gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Vol 2. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973:457\u2013545."},{"key":"BF02258232_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90009-X","volume":"77","author":"DE Burleigh","year":"1979","unstructured":"Burleigh DE, D'Mello A, Parks AG. Responses of isolated human internal anal sphincter to drugs and electrical field stimulation. Gastroenterology 1979;77:484\u201390.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07790.x","volume":"126","author":"G Burnstock","year":"1986","unstructured":"Burnstock G. The changing face of autonomic neurotransmission. Acta Physiol Scand 1986;126:67\u201391.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.6.762","volume":"29","author":"GL Ferri","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ferri GL, Adrian TE, Allen JM,et al. Intramural distribution of regulatory peptides in the sigmoid-recto-anal region of the human gut. Gut 1988;29:762\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1983.tb02927.x","volume":"35","author":"DE Burleigh","year":"1983","unstructured":"Burleigh DE. Non-cholinergic non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons in human internal anal sphincter muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 1983;35:258\u201360.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR69","first-page":"79","volume":"262","author":"KM Sanders","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sanders KM, Ward SM. Nitric oxide as a mediator of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmission. Am J Physiol 1992;262(3 Part 1):79\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91093-J","volume":"103","author":"S Rattan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rattan S, Sarkar A, Chakder S. Nitric oxide pathway in rectoanal inhibitory reflex of opossum internal anal sphincter. Gastroenterology 1992;103:43\u201350.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053596","volume":"37","author":"TJ O'Kelly","year":"1994","unstructured":"O'Kelly TJ, Davies JR, Brading AF, Mortensen NJ. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase containing neurons in the rectal myenteric plexus and anal canal: morphologic evidence that nitric oxide mediates the rectoanal inhibitory reflex. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:350\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR72","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Practical guide to anorectal testing","author":"JA Coller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Coller JA, Sangwan YP. Computerized manometry: performance and analysis. In: Smith LE, ed. Practical guide to anorectal testing, 2nd ed. New York: Igaku-Shoin, 1995:51\u2013100.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"BF02258232_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.6.1.64","volume":"6","author":"HL Duthie","year":"1965","unstructured":"Duthie HL, Watts JM. Contribution of the external anal sphincter to the pressure zone in the anal canal. Gut 1965;6:64\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01646870","volume":"4","author":"B Lestar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lestar B, Penninckx F, Kerremans R. The composition of anal basal pressure: Anin vivo andin vitro study in man. Int J Colorectal Dis 1989;4:118\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR75","unstructured":"Duthie GS, Miller R, Bartolo DC. Internal anal sphincter electromyographic frequency is related to anal canal resting pressure: both are reduced in idiopathic faecal incontinence. [abstract]. Gut 1990;31:A619."},{"key":"BF02258232_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02047535","volume":"37","author":"M S\u00f8rensen","year":"1994","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen M, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Electromyography of the internal anal sphincter performed under endosonographic guidance: description of a new method. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:138\u201343.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90175-8","volume":"95","author":"DZ Lubowski","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lubowski DZ, Nicholls RJ, Burleigh DE, Swash M. Internal anal sphincter in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 1988;95:997\u20131002.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR78","first-page":"565","volume":"23","author":"J Braun","year":"1985","unstructured":"Braun J, Raguse T. Zur pathophysiologischen Rolle des inneren Analsphinkters bei der chronischen Analfissur. Z Gastroenterol 1985;23:565\u201372.","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01889235","volume":"14","author":"PJ Law","year":"1989","unstructured":"Law PJ, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy. Gastrointest Radiol 1989;14:349\u201353.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Radiol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050142","volume":"37","author":"A Sch\u00e4fer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer A, Enck P, F\u00fcrst G, Kahn Th, Frieling T, L\u00fcbke HJ. Anatomy of the anal sphincters: comparison of anal endosonography to magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:777\u201381.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290307","volume":"8","author":"AH Sultan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI. Effect of pregnancy on anal sphincter morphology and function. Int J Colorectal Dis 1993;8:206\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02257800","volume":"37","author":"AH Sultan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Loder PB, Bartram CI, Kamm MA, Hudson CN. Vaginal endosonography: new approach to image the undisturbed anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:1296\u20139.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR83","first-page":"921","volume":"52","author":"RI Hiller","year":"1931","unstructured":"Hiller RI. The anal sphincter and the pathogenesis of anal fissure and fistula. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1931;52:921\u201340.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780315","volume":"78","author":"PJ Law","year":"1991","unstructured":"Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1991;78:312\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02047213","volume":"37","author":"R Emblem","year":"1994","unstructured":"Emblem R, Dhaenens G, Stien R, M\u00f8rkrid L, Aasen AO, Bergan A. The importance of anal endosonography in the evaluation of idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:42\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.5.685","volume":"34","author":"KI Deen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JG, Olliff J, Keighley MR. The prevalence of anal sphincter defects in faecal incontinence: a prospective study. Gut 1993;34:685\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199011000-00025","volume":"76","author":"MP Aronson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Aronson MP, Lee RA, Berquist TH. Anatomy of anal sphincters and related structures in continent women studied with magnetic resonance imaging. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:846\u201351.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02617635","volume":"13","author":"AF Scharli","year":"1970","unstructured":"Scharli AF, Kiesewetter WB. Defecation and continence: some new concepts. Dis Colon Rectum 1970;13:81\u2013107.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.4.2.179","volume":"4","author":"HL Duthie","year":"1963","unstructured":"Duthie HL, Bennett RC. The relation of sensation in the anal canal to the functional anal sphincter: a possible factor in anal continence. Gut 1963;4:179\u201382.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800510514","volume":"51","author":"RC Bennett","year":"1964","unstructured":"Bennett RC, Duthie H. The functional importance of the internal anal sphincter. Br J Surg 1964;51:355\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5318.1500","volume":"2","author":"RC Bennett","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bennett RC, Goligher JC. Results of internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure. BMJ 1962;2:1500\u20133.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800680804","volume":"68","author":"ME Neill","year":"1981","unstructured":"Neill ME, Parks AG, Swash M. Physiological studies of the anal sphincter musculature in faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Br J Surg 1981;68:531\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90990-6","volume":"1","author":"CP Gibbons","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gibbons CP, Trowbridge EA, Bannister JJ, Read NW. Role of anal cushions in maintaining continence. Lancet 1986;1:886\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.12.1692","volume":"29","author":"M Swash","year":"1988","unstructured":"Swash M, Gary A, Lubowski DZ, Nicholls RJ. Ultrastructural changes in internal anal sphincter in neurogenic faecal incontinence. Gut 1988;29:1692\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR95","first-page":"55","volume":"14","author":"FV Gammarota","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gammarota FV, Farouk R, Duthie GS, Bartolo DC. Intermittent electromechanical dissociation of the internal anal sphincter in idiopathic fecal incontinence. G Chir 1993;14:55\u20139.","journal-title":"G Chir"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050996","volume":"37","author":"R Farouk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farouk R, Duthie GS, MacGregor AB, Bartolo DC. Evidence of electromechanical dissociation of the internal anal sphincter in idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:595\u2013601.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800771208","volume":"77","author":"CT Speakman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Speakman CT, Hoyle CH, Kamm MA, Henry MM, Nicholls RJ, Burnstock G. Adrenergic control of the internal anal sphincter is abnormal in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1990;77:1342\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speakman CT, Hoyle CH, Kamm MA, Henry MM, Nicholls RJ, Burnstock G. Alpha adrenergic and intrinsic innervation of the internal anal sphincter is abnormal in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence [abstract]. Gut 1990;31:A605.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800771208"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80236-4","volume":"85","author":"NW Read","year":"1983","unstructured":"Read NW, Haynes WG, Bartolo DC, Hall J, Read MG, Donnelly TC, Johnson AG. Use of anorectal manometry during rectal infusion of saline to investigate sphincter function in incontinent patients. Gastroenterology 1983;85:105\u201313.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00496147","volume":"5","author":"WM Sun","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sun WM, Read NW, Miner PB, Kerrigan DD, Donnelly TC. The role of transient internal sphincter relaxation in faecal incontinence? Int J Colorectal Dis 1990;5:31\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR101","first-page":"635","volume":"76","author":"D Kumar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kumar D, Waldron D, Williams NS. Home assessment of anorectal motility and external sphincter EMG in idiopathic faecal incontinence [abstract]. Br J Surg 1989;76:635\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800750116","volume":"75","author":"R Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller R, Bartolo DC, Cervero F, Mortensen NJ. Anorectal sampling: a comparison of normal and incontinent patients. Br J Surg 1988;75:44\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91425-X","volume":"97","author":"WM Sun","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sun WM, Read NW, Donnelly TC. Impaired internal anal sphincter in a subgroup of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 1989;97:130\u20135.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90217-9","volume":"100","author":"BJ Caruana","year":"1991","unstructured":"Caruana BJ, Wald A, Hinds JP, Eidelman BH. Anorectal sensory and motor function in neurogenic fecal incontinence: comparison between multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 1991;100:465\u201370.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02563695","volume":"32","author":"AW Chiou","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chiou AW, Lin J-K, Wang F-M. Anorectal abnormalities in progressive systemic sclerosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:417\u201321.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.6.857","volume":"35","author":"AF Engel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Engel AF, Kamm MA, Talbot IC. Progressive systemic sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter leading to passive faecal incontinence. Gut 1994;35:857\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90196-3","volume":"87","author":"VA Loening-Baucke","year":"1984","unstructured":"Loening-Baucke VA. Abnormal rectoanal function in children recovered from chronic constipation and encopresis. Gastroenterology 1984;87:1299\u2013304.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.7.935","volume":"30","author":"MA Kamm","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kamm MA, Lennard-Jones JE, Nicholls RJ. Evaluation of the intrinsic innervation of the internal anal sphincter using electrical stimulation. Gut 1989;30:935\u20138.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(85)80005-2","volume":"149","author":"RW Beart Jr","year":"1985","unstructured":"Beart RW Jr, Dozois RR, Wolff BG, Pemberton JH. Mechanisms of rectal continence: lessons from the ileoanal procedure. Am J Surg 1985;149:31\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780121","volume":"78","author":"PM Sagar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sagar PM, Holdsworth PJ, Johnston D. Correlation between laboratory findings and clinical outcome after restorative proctocolectomy: serial studies in 20 patients with end-to-end pouch-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 1991;78:67\u201370.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02552271","volume":"32","author":"IC Lavery","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lavery IC, Tuckson WB, Easley KA. Internal anal sphincter function after total abdominal colectomy and stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis without mucosal proctectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:950\u20133.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050593","volume":"34","author":"G Batignani","year":"1991","unstructured":"Batignani G, Monaci I, Ficari F, Tonelli F. What affects continence after anterior resection of the rectum? Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:329\u201335.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050200","volume":"34","author":"J Braun","year":"1991","unstructured":"Braun J, Treutner KH, Harder M, Lerch MM, Tons Chr, Schumpelick V. Anal sphincter function after intersphincteric resection and stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:8\u201316.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198608000-00006","volume":"204","author":"IK Pedersen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pedersen IK, Hint K, Olsen J, Christiansen J, Jensen P, Mortensen PE. Anorectal function after low anterior resection for carcinoma. Ann Surg 1986;204:133\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800751017","volume":"75","author":"MR Keighley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Keighley MR, Yoshioka K, Kmiot W, Heyen F. Physiological parameters influencing function in restorative proctocolectomy and ileo-pouch-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 1988;75:997\u20131002.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02552994","volume":"27","author":"BM Taylor","year":"1984","unstructured":"Taylor BM, Beart RW Jr, Dozois RR, Kelly KA, Wolff BG, Ilstrup DM. The endorectal ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: current clinical results. Dis Colon Rectum 1984;27:347\u201350.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800640820","volume":"64","author":"RH Lane","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lane RH, Parks AG. Function of the anal sphincters following colo-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 1977;64:596\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800670917","volume":"67","author":"H Suzuki","year":"1980","unstructured":"Suzuki H, Matsumoto K, Amano S, Fujioka M, Honzumi M. Anorectal pressure and rectal compliance after low anterior resection. Br J Surg 1980;67:655\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR119","first-page":"517","volume":"158","author":"M Pescatori","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pescatori M, Parks AG. The sphincteric and sensory components of preserved continence after ileoanal reservoir. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984;158:517\u201321.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02047211","volume":"37","author":"PJ Holdsworth","year":"1994","unstructured":"Holdsworth PJ, Sagar PM, Lewis WG, Williamson M, Johnston D. Internal anal sphincter activity after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: a study using continuous ambulatory manometry. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:32\u20136.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054232","volume":"38","author":"ME Williamson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Williamson ME, Lewis WG, Finan PJ, Miller AS, Holdsworth PJ, Johnston D. Recovery of physiologic and clinical function after low anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma: myth or reality? Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:411\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800670313","volume":"67","author":"NS Williams","year":"1980","unstructured":"Williams NS, Price R, Johnston D. The long term effect of sphincter preserving operations for rectal carcinoma on function of the anal sphincter in man. Br J Surg 1980;67:203\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR123","first-page":"47","volume":"166","author":"PR O'Connell","year":"1988","unstructured":"O'Connell PR, Stryker SJ, Metcalf AM, Pemberton JH, Kelly KA. Anal canal pressure and motility after ileoanal anastomosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988;166:47\u201354.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR124","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Coloproctology and the pelvic floor","author":"BA Wood","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wood BA, Kelly JA. Anatomy of the anal sphincters and pelvic floor. In: Henry MM, Swash M, eds. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. 2nd ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992:3\u201321.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"BF02258232_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800791032","volume":"79","author":"WG Lewis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lewis WG, Holdsworth PJ, Stephenson BM, Finan PJ, Johnston D. Role of the rectum in the physiological and clinical results of coloanal and colorectal anastomosis after anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1992;79:1082\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300205","volume":"6","author":"JA Carmona","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carmona JA, Ortiz H, Perez-Cabaftas I. Alterations in anorectal function after anterior resection for cancer of the rectum. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6:108\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800741020","volume":"74","author":"D Johnston","year":"1987","unstructured":"Johnston D, Holdsworth PJ, Nasmyth DG,et al. Preservation of the entire anal canal in conservative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: a pilot study comparing end-to-end ileoanal anastomosis without mucosal resection with mucosal proctectomy and endo-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 1987;74:940\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800761119","volume":"76","author":"NS Williams","year":"1989","unstructured":"Williams NS, Marzouk DE, Hallan RI, Waldron DJ. Function after ileal pouch and stapled pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 1989;76:1168\u201371.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780415","volume":"78","author":"S Choen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Choen S, Tsunoda A, Nicholls RJ. Prospective randomized trial comparing anal function after hand sewn ileoanal anastomosis with mucosectomyversus stapled ileoanal anastomosis without mucosectomy in restorative proctocolectomy. Br J Surg 1991;78:430\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02139225","volume":"33","author":"PL Roberts","year":"1990","unstructured":"Roberts PL, Schoetz DJ Jr, Murray JJ, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Use of new retractor to facilitate mucosal proctectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:1063\u20134.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054231","volume":"38","author":"CT Speakman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Speakman CT, Hoyle CH, Kamm MA,et al. Abnormal internal anal sphincter fibrosis and elasticity in fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:407\u201310.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02052217","volume":"33","author":"B Klosterhalfen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Klosterhalfen B, Offner F, Topf N, Vogel P, Mittermayer C. Sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter: a process of aging. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:606\u20139.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32882-3","volume":"67","author":"BJ Nothmann","year":"1974","unstructured":"Nothmann BJ, Schuster MM. Internal anal sphincter derangement with anal fissures. Gastroenterology 1974;67:216\u201330.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800640204","volume":"64","author":"BD Hancock","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hancock BD. The internal sphincter and anal fissure. Br J Surg 1977;64:92\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90445-7","volume":"134","author":"Y Arabi","year":"1977","unstructured":"Arabi Y, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MR. Anal pressures in hemorrhoids and anal fissures. Am J Surg 1977;134:608\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730609","volume":"73","author":"CP Gibbons","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gibbons CP, Read NW. Anal hypertonia in fissures: cause or effect? Br J Surg 1986;73:443\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR137","first-page":"340","volume-title":"Coloproctology and the pelvic floor: pathophysiology and management","author":"RW Motson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Motson RW, Clifton MA. Pathogenesis and treatment of anal fissure. In: Henry MM, Swash M, eds. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor: pathophysiology and management. London: Butterworths, 1985:340\u20139."},{"key":"BF02258232_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554725","volume":"32","author":"B Klosterhalfen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Klosterhalfen B, Vogel P, Rixen H, Mittermayer C. Topography of inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic, primary anal fissure. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:43\u201352.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054409","volume":"37","author":"WR Schouten","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ. Relationship between anal pressure and anodermal blood flow: the vascular pathogenesis of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:664\u20139.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6204.1549","volume":"2","author":"AA Eyers","year":"1979","unstructured":"Eyers AA, Thomson JP. Pruritus ani: is anal sphincter dysfunction important in aetiology? BMJ 1979;2:1549\u201351.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800740710","volume":"74","author":"A Allan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Allan A, Ambrose NS, Silverman S, Keighley MR. Physiological study of pruritus ani. Br J Surg 1987;74:576\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810442","volume":"81","author":"R Farouk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farouk R, Duthie GS, Pryde A, Bartolo DC. Abnormal transient internal sphincter relaxation in idiopathic pruritus ani: physiological evidence from ambulatory monitoring. Br J Surg 1994;81:603\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555512","volume":"27","author":"RJ Spencer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Spencer RJ. Manometric studies in rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum 1984;27:523\u20135.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810542","volume":"81","author":"R Farouk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farouk R, Duthie GS, MacGregor AB, Bartolo DC. Rectoanal inhibition and incontinence in patients with rectal prolapse. Br J Surg 1994;81:743\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800790523","volume":"79","author":"R Farouk","year":"1992","unstructured":"Farouk R, Duthie GS, Bartolo DC, MacGregor AB. Restoration of continence following rectopexy for rectal prolapse and recovery of the internal anal sphincter electromyogram. Br J Surg 1992;79:439\u201340.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01649678","volume":"3","author":"G Brod\u00e9n","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brod\u00e9n G, Dolk A, Holmstr\u00f6m D. Recovery of the internal anal sphincter following rectopexy: a possible explanation for continence improvement. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988;3:23\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760120","volume":"76","author":"K Yoshioka","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yoshioka K, Hyland G, Keighley MR. Anorectal function after abdominal rectopexy: parameters of predictive value in identifying return of continence. Br J Surg 1989;76:64\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051077","volume":"34","author":"AP Sainio","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sainio AP, Voutilainen PE, Husa AI. Recovery of anal sphincter function following transabdominal repair of rectal prolapse: cause of improved continence? Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:816\u201321.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711610308","volume":"161","author":"JE Martin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Martin JE, Swash M, Kamm MA, Mather K, Cox EL, Gray A. Myopathy of internal anal sphincter with polyglucosan inclusions. J Pathol 1990;161:221\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)80030-D","volume":"100","author":"MA Kamm","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kamm MA, Hoyle CH, Burleigh DE,et al. Hereditary internal anal sphincter myopathy causing proctalgia fugax and constipation: a newly identified condition. Gastroenterology 1991;100:805\u201310.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050202","volume":"34","author":"SD Wexner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wexner SD, Marchetti F, Jagelman DG. The role of sphincteroplasty for fecal incontinence reevaluated: a prospective physiologic and functional review. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:22\u201330.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053851","volume":"38","author":"KI Deen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JG, Grant EA, Keighley MR. Randomized trial of internal anal sphincter placation with pelvic floor repair for neuropathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:14\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(83)90337-0","volume":"87","author":"F Carpenedo","year":"1983","unstructured":"Carpenedo F, Infantino A, Floreani M, Dodi G. The relaxing effect of caerulein on isolated human internal anal sphincter. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;87:271\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810949","volume":"81","author":"PB Loder","year":"1994","unstructured":"Loder PB, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Phillips RK. \u201cReversible chemical sphincterotomy\u201d by local application of glyceryl trinitrate. Br J Surg 1994;81:1386\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199002000-00017","volume":"211","author":"MJ McNamara","year":"1990","unstructured":"McNamara MJ, Percy JP, Fielding IR. A manometric study of anal fissure treated by subcutaneous lateral internal sphincterotomy. Ann Surg 1990;211:235\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800641014","volume":"64","author":"Y Arabi","year":"1977","unstructured":"Arabi Y, Gatehouse D, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MR. Rubber band ligation or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy for treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 1977;64:737\u201340.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00360348","volume":"7","author":"WR Schouten","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schouten WR, Blankensteijn JD. Ultra slow wave pressure variations in the anal canal before and after lateral internal sphincterotomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 1992;7:115\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90323-4","volume":"93","author":"S Rattan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rattan S, Culver PJ. Influence of loperamide on the internal anal sphincter in the opossum. Gastroenterology 1987;93:121\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01391374","volume":"27","author":"M Read","year":"1982","unstructured":"Read M, Read NW, Barber DC, Duthie HL. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci 1982;27:807\u201314.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050639","volume":"36","author":"WH Jost","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jost WH, Schimrigk K. Use of botulinum toxin in anal fissure [letter]. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:974.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90190-6","volume":"345","author":"WH Jost","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jost WH, Schimrigk K. Botulinum toxin in therapy of anal fissure. Lancet 1995;345:188\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90633-5","volume":"344","author":"D Gui","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gui D, Cassetta E, Anastasio G, Bentivoglio AR, Maria G, Albanese A. Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure. Lancet 1994;344:1127\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF02258232_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)46488-1","volume":"74","author":"YP Sangwan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sangwan YP, Coller JA. Fecal incontinence. Surg Clin North Am 1994;74:1377\u201398.","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00003453-199841100-00017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:03:19Z","timestamp":1785855799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00003453-199841100-00017"}},"subtitle":["Advances and insights"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02258232","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3706"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3706","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}}}