{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T15:11:20Z","timestamp":1760973080517,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,4,1]],"date-time":"1994-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":765158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lipids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fatty livers and the similarity between the skin lesions in kwashiorkor and those described in experimental essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency have led to the hypothesis that protein and EFA deficiencies may both occur in chronic malnutrition. The relationship between serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and hepatic lipid composition was studied after 28 d of protein depletion to determine the interactions between dietary protein levels and EFA availability. Rats were fed purified diets containing 20 or 2% casein and 5% fat as either soybean oil rich in EFA, or salmon oil rich in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, or hydrogenated coconut, oil poor in EFA. Animals were divided into six groups, SOC (20% casein +5% soybean oil), SOd (2% casein +5% soybean oil), COC (20% casein +5% hydrogenated coconut oil), COd (2% casein + 5% hydrogenated coconut oil), SAC (20% casein +5% salmon oil) and SAd (2% casein +5% salmon oil). After 28 d, liver steatosis and reduced VLDL\u2010phospholipid contents (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) were observed in protein\u2010deficient rats. In protein deficiency, triacylglycerol and phospholipid fatty acid compositions in both liver and VLDL showed a decreased polyunsaturated\u2010to\u2010saturated fatty acid ratio. This ratio was higher with the salmon oil diets and lower with the hydrogenated coconut oil diets. Furthermore, independent of the oil in the diet, protein deficiency decreased linoleic and arachidonic acids in VLDL phospholipids. Conversely, despite decreased proportions of EPA at low protein levels, DHA levels remained higher in rats fed salmon oil diets. While in rats fed the hydrogenated coconut oil\u2010fed diets the amount of 22\u22365n\u22126 was lower in liver, it was higher in VLDL lipids at low protein levels. Both EPA and arachidonic acid are precursors of eicosanoids and their diminution may be related to certain clinical symptoms seen in infants suffering from kwashiorkor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02536331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,29]],"date-time":"2006-11-29T13:48:34Z","timestamp":1164808114000},"page":"265-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dietary protein deficiency affects n\u22123 and n\u22126 polyunsaturated fatty acids hepatic storage and very low density lipoprotein transport in rats on different diets"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Bouziane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherches de Nutrition Cellulaire et M\u00e9tabolique Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Mirande BP 138 Dijon Cedex 21004 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josiane","family":"Prost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherches de Nutrition Cellulaire et M\u00e9tabolique Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Mirande BP 138 Dijon Cedex 21004 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Belleville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherches de Nutrition Cellulaire et M\u00e9tabolique Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Mirande BP 138 Dijon Cedex 21004 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/22.5.568"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(74)80028-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441868"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/110.5.1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.2.512"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.8.1534"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198402000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.11.1225"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02533217"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","first-page":"321","volume":"5","author":"Meghelli\u2010Bouchenak M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","first-page":"1","volume":"358","author":"Council of European Communities","year":"1986","journal-title":"Official Journal of European Communities L"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(75)90488-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","first-page":"323","volume":"39","author":"Meghelli\u2010Bouchenak M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nutr. 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