{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:46:41Z","timestamp":1789555601676,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02629679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,8]],"date-time":"2007-05-08T08:27:12Z","timestamp":1178612832000},"page":"25-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Changing trends in the etiologic diagnosis of uveitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Arthur M.","family":"Silverstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02629679_CR1","volume-title":"Focal Infection: The Lane Medical Lecture","author":"F Billings","year":"1916","unstructured":"Billings F. Focal Infection: The Lane Medical Lecture. New York, Appleton, 1916."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)91340-4","volume":"49","author":"RJ Brockhurst","year":"1960","unstructured":"Brockhurst RJ, Schepens CL, Okamura ID, Uveitis II. peripheral uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1960; 49: 1257\u20131266.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR3","first-page":"292","volume":"23","author":"AE Bulson","year":"1925","unstructured":"Bulson AE. The etiology and treatment of endogenous iritis. Trans Am Ophth Soc 1925; 23: 292\u2013327.","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophth Soc"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2623.804","volume":"1","author":"TH Butler","year":"1911","unstructured":"Butler TH. The etiology of iritis. Brit Med J 1911; 1: 804\u2013806.","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR5","first-page":"218","volume-title":"A System of Ophthalmology","author":"S Duke-Elder","year":"1966","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S. A System of Ophthalmology. St. Louis, Mosby, 1966, vol. IX, p. 218."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01692886","volume":"20","author":"R F\u00f6rster","year":"1874","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster R. Zur klinische Kenntniss des Choroiditis syphilitica. Graefes Archiv Ophthalmol 1874; 20: 33\u201382.","journal-title":"Graefes Archiv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.45.527.622","volume":"45","author":"D Geraint","year":"1969","unstructured":"Geraint D, Friedman AI, Bowden PMA, Bowden AN. Uveitis: Report of a 5 year survey. Postgrad Med J 1969; 45: 622\u2013626.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR8","first-page":"108","volume":"96","author":"D Geraint","year":"1976","unstructured":"Geraint D, Friedman AI, Graham E. Uveitis. A series of 368 patients. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1976; 96: 108\u2013112.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(31)90451-0","volume":"14","author":"SR Gifford","year":"1931","unstructured":"Gifford SR. A review of the literature on the etiology of acute iritis. Amer J Ophthalmol 1931; 14: 100\u2013108.","journal-title":"Amer J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR10","first-page":"104","volume":"V","author":"W Gilbert","year":"1930","unstructured":"Gilbert W, Schieck F, Br\u00fcchner A. Kurzes Handbuch der Ophthalmologie. Berlin, Springer, 1930, vol. V, p. 104.","journal-title":"Berlin, Springer"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR11","first-page":"328","volume":"19","author":"C Goulden","year":"1914","unstructured":"Goulden C. Inflammation of the uveal tract secondary to infection of mucous membranes. Rep Roy London Ophthal Hosp 1914; 19: 328.","journal-title":"Rep Roy London Ophthal Hosp"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1939.00860010067006","volume":"21","author":"J Green","year":"1939","unstructured":"Green J. Ocular manifestations in brucellosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1939; 21: 51\u201365.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1941.00870180061004","volume":"26","author":"JS Guyton","year":"1941","unstructured":"Guyton JS, Woods AC. Etiology of uveitis: a clinical study of 562 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1941; 26: 983\u20131013.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR14","first-page":"691","volume":"26","author":"J Haut","year":"1966","unstructured":"Haut J. Classification \u00e9tiologique de 850 uv\u00e9ites. Arch Ophthalmol Paris 1966; 26: 691\u2013694.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol Paris"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74217-5","volume":"103","author":"DE Henderly","year":"1987","unstructured":"Henderly DE, Genstler AJ, Smith RE, Rao NA. Changing patterns of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1987; 103: 131\u2013136.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR16","first-page":"60","volume":"48","author":"R Hessberg","year":"1910","unstructured":"Hessberg R. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Bedeutung der Serodiagnose der Syphilis f\u00fcr die Augenheilkunde. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilk 1910; 48: 60\u201374.","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilk"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR17","first-page":"7","volume":"62","author":"MJ Hogan","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hogan MJ. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Fourteenth Jackson memorial lecture. Trans Am Acad Ophthal Otolaryngol 1958; 62: 7\u201337.","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthal Otolaryngol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1923.02650210036010","volume":"81","author":"EE Irons","year":"1923","unstructured":"Irons EE, Brown EVL. The etiology of iritis. J Am Med Assn 1923; 81: 1770\u20131774.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assn"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"99","author":"L Jacobs","year":"1956","unstructured":"Jacobs L, Naquin H, Hoover R, Woods AC. A comparison of the toxoplasma skin tests, the Sabin-Feldman dye tests, and the complement fixation tests for toxoplasmosis in various forms of uveitis. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1956; 99: 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(51)90300-5","volume":"34","author":"AC Krause","year":"1951","unstructured":"Krause AC, Hopkins WG. Ocular manifestations of histoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1951; 34: 564\u2013566.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)52074-1","volume":"1","author":"W Lang","year":"1913","unstructured":"Lang W. The influence of chronic sepsis upon eye disease. Lancet 1913; 1: 1368\u20131370.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"73","author":"A Leber","year":"1909","unstructured":"Leber A. Serodiagnostische Untersuchungen bei Syphilis und Tuberkulose des Auges. Arch Augenheilk Leipzig 1909; 73: 1\u201369.","journal-title":"Arch Augenheilk Leipzig"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR23","first-page":"1636","volume":"48","author":"G Lemaire","year":"1924","unstructured":"Lemaire G. Bull Soc M\u00e9d H{ie36-1}p Paris 1924; 48: 1636.","journal-title":"Bull Soc M\u00e9d H{ie36-1}p Paris"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(70)91852-0","volume":"69","author":"AE Maumenee","year":"1970","unstructured":"Maumenee AE. Clinical entities in uveitis: an approach to the study of intraocular inflammation. Am J Ophthal 1970; 69: 1\u201327.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthal"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR25","volume-title":"The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy","author":"E Metchnikoff","year":"1903","unstructured":"Metchnikoff E. The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy. New York, Putnam, 1903."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1977.tb01306.x","volume":"55","author":"R Miettinen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Miettinen R. Incidence of uveitis in northern Finland. Acta Ophthal Copenhagen 1977; 55: 252\u2013260.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthal Copenhagen"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR27","first-page":"763","volume":"147","author":"C Nicolle","year":"1908","unstructured":"Nicolle C, Manceaux L. Sur une infection \u00e0 corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondi. CR Acad Sci 1908; 147: 763\u2013765.","journal-title":"CR Acad Sci"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR28","volume-title":"Advances in Ocular Immunology","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM, Caspi R, Gery I (eds). Advances in Ocular Immunology. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1994."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(78)90184-8","volume":"86","author":"CD Obenauf","year":"1978","unstructured":"Obenauf CD, Shaw HE, Sydnor CF, Klintworth GK. Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol 1978; 86: 648\u2013655.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR30","volume-title":"Uveitis and Toxoplasmosis","author":"ES Perkins","year":"1961","unstructured":"Perkins ES. Uveitis and Toxoplasmosis. Boston, Little Brown, 1961."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000309382","volume":"189","author":"ES Perkins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Perkins ES, Folk J. Uveitis in London and Iowa. Ophthalmologica 1984; 189: 36\u201340.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR32","volume-title":"The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis","author":"AR Rich","year":"1944","unstructured":"Rich AR. The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. Springfield, Illinois, Charles C Thomas, 1944."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.3.137","volume":"76","author":"A Rothova","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rothova A, Buitenhuis HJ, Meenken C, et al. Uveitis and systemic disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1992; 76: 137\u2013141.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR34","first-page":"336","volume":"10","author":"M Saari","year":"1975","unstructured":"Saari M, Miettinen R, Alanko H. Uveitis: report of a 10 year survey in northern Finland. Can J Ophthal 1975; 10: 336\u2013340.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthal"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1126\/science.108.2815.660","volume":"108","author":"AB Sabin","year":"1948","unstructured":"Sabin AB, Feldman H. Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting protozoan parasite (toxoplasma). Science 1948; 108: 660\u2013663.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR36","first-page":"813","volume":"62","author":"TF Schlaegel","year":"1958","unstructured":"Schlaegel TF. Granulomatous uveitis: an etiologic survey of 100 cases. Trans Am Acad Ophth Otolaryngol 1958; 62: 813\u2013825.","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophth Otolaryngol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR37","first-page":"34","volume":"35","author":"TF Schlaegel","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schlaegel TF. Differential diagnosis of uveitis. Ophthalmol Digest 1973; 35: 34\u201338.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Digest"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF02629679_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-197701730-00003","volume":"17","author":"TF Schlaegel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schlaegel TF, O\u2019Connor GR. Current aspects of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1977; 17(3): 1\u201342.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR39","volume-title":"The Doctor\u2019s Dilemma, Complete Plays with Prefaces","author":"GB Shaw","year":"1963","unstructured":"Shaw GB. The Doctor\u2019s Dilemma, Complete Plays with Prefaces. New York, Dodd Mead, 1963, vol. I, p. 97ff."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(91)90371-H","volume":"136","author":"AM Silverstein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Silverstein AM. Ocular immunology: on the birth of a new discipline. Cell Immunol 1991; 136: 504\u2013518.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.41.7.385","volume":"41","author":"A Stanworth","year":"1957","unstructured":"Stanworth A, Mc Intyre H. Aetiology of uveitis. Brit J Ophthalmol 1957; 41: 385\u2013420.","journal-title":"Brit J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR42","first-page":"17","volume":"77","author":"J Urbanek","year":"1932","unstructured":"Urbanek J, Meller R. Tuberkelbazillennachweis im Blute augenkranker Menschen. Z. Augenheilk 1932, 77: 17\u201336.","journal-title":"Z. Augenheilk"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR43","volume-title":"Ocular Immunology Today","year":"1990","unstructured":"Usui M, Ohno S, Aoki K (eds). Ocular Immunology Today. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1990."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR44","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Handbuch der gesammten Augenheilkunde","author":"L von Wecker","year":"1876","unstructured":"von Wecker L. in Graefe A, Saemisch ET (eds): Handbuch der gesammten Augenheilkunde. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1876, vol. 4, p. 485."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1986.tb00034.x","volume":"14","author":"D Wakefield","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wakefield D, Mc Cluskey PJ, Dunlop J, Penny R. Uveitis. Aetiology and disease association in an Australian population. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1986; 14: 181\u2013187.","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1939.00860030027002","volume":"21","author":"FB Walsh","year":"1939","unstructured":"Walsh FB. Ocular importance of sarcoid. Arch Ophthalmol 1939; 21: 421\u2013438.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1960.01840010542010","volume":"64","author":"RB Welch","year":"1960","unstructured":"Welch RB, Maumenee AE, Wahlen HE. Peripheral posterior segment inflammation, vitreous opacities, and edema of the posterior pole (pars planitis). Arch Ophthalmol 1960; 64: 540\u2013549.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1952.00920010132001","volume":"48","author":"HC Wilder","year":"1952","unstructured":"Wilder HC. Toxoplasma chorioretinitis in adults. Arch Ophthalmol 1952; 48: 127\u2013136.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR49","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Immunopathology of Uveitis","author":"R Witmer","year":"1964","unstructured":"Witmer R. The origin of ocular antibodies, in Maumenee AE, Silverstein AM (eds): Immunopathology of Uveitis. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1964, pp. 111\u2013128."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR50","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Clinical Methods in Uveitis","author":"R Witmer","year":"1968","unstructured":"Witmer R. in Aronson SB (ed): Clinical Methods in Uveitis. St. Louis, Mosby, 1968, pp. 48\u201357."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1126\/science.89.2306.226","volume":"89","author":"A Wolfe","year":"1939","unstructured":"Wolfe A, Cowan D, Paige BH. Human toxoplasmosis: occurrence in infants as an encephalomyelitis. Science 1939; 89: 226\u2013227.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR52","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Endogenous Uveitis","author":"AC Woods","year":"1956","unstructured":"Woods AC, Endogenous Uveitis. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1956, pp. 47\u201348."},{"key":"BF02629679_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)91006-0","volume":"50","author":"AC Woods","year":"1960","unstructured":"Woods AC, Modern concepts of the etiology of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1960; 50: 1170\u20131187.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1944.00890060039003","volume":"31","author":"AC Woods","year":"1944","unstructured":"Woods AC, Guyton JS. Role of sarcoidosis and of brucellosis in uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1944; 31: 469\u2013480.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(54)91560-3","volume":"37","author":"AC Woods","year":"1953","unstructured":"Woods AC, Jacobs L, Wood RM, Cook MK. A study of the role of toxoplasmosis in adult chorioretinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1953; 37: 163\u2013177.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)91515-4","volume":"49","author":"AC Woods","year":"1960","unstructured":"Woods AC, Wahlen HE. The probable role of benign histoplasmosis in the etiology of granulomatous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960; 49: 205\u2013220.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BF02629679_CR57","first-page":"521","volume":"23","author":"WM Zentmayer","year":"1907","unstructured":"Zentmayer WM. Etiology of iritis. Therapy Gaz 1907; 23: 521.","journal-title":"Therapy Gaz"}],"container-title":["Documenta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02629679.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02629679\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02629679","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02629679.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T08:59:19Z","timestamp":1652605159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02629679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02629679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02629679","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-4486","1573-2622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-4486","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}}}