{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:12:04Z","timestamp":1767665524126},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,1,1]],"date-time":"1990-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":631152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02648146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,24]],"date-time":"2007-09-24T02:14:27Z","timestamp":1190600067000},"page":"152-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Prediction of dyslexia in kindergarten boys"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Nathlie A.","family":"Badian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria B.","family":"McAnulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank H.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidelise","family":"Als","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02648146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/002246698201600306","volume":"16","author":"N.A. Badian","year":"1982","unstructured":"Badian, N.A. 1982. The prediction of good and poor reading before kindergarten entry: A 4-year follow-up.Journal of Special Education 16:309\u2013318.","journal-title":"Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401700301","volume":"17","author":"N.A. Badian","year":"1984","unstructured":"Badian, N.A. 1984. Reading disability in an epidemiological contest: Incidence and environmental correlates.Journal of Learning Disabilities 17:129\u2013136.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601900502","volume":"19","author":"N.A. Badian","year":"1986","unstructured":"Badian, N.A. 1986. Improving the prediction of reading for the individual child: A four-year follow-up.Journal of Learning Disabilities 19:262\u2013269.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR4","volume-title":"Preschool Prevention of Reading Failure","author":"N.A. Badian","year":"1988","unstructured":"Badian, N.A. 1988. Predicting dyslexia in a preschool population.In R.L. Masland and M.W. Masland (eds.).Preschool Prevention of Reading Failure. Parkton, Maryland: York Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR5","volume-title":"Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration","author":"K.E. Beery","year":"1967","unstructured":"Beery, K.E. and Buktenica, N.A. 1967.Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. Chicago: Follett."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR6","volume-title":"Right-left Discrimination and Finger Localization: Development and Pathology","author":"A.L. Benton","year":"1959","unstructured":"Benton, A.L. 1959.Right-left Discrimination and Finger Localization: Development and Pathology. New York: Hoeber-Harper."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02663614","volume":"34","author":"A.L. Benton","year":"1984","unstructured":"Benton, A.L. 1984. Dyslexia and spatial thinking.Annals of Dyslexia 34:69\u201385.","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR8","volume-title":"Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual","author":"A.L. Benton","year":"1983","unstructured":"Benton, A.L., Hamsher, K.D., Varney, N.R., and Spreen, O. 1983.Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR9","volume-title":"Motor-Free Visual Perception Test","author":"R.P. Colarusso","year":"1972","unstructured":"Colarusso, R.P. and Hammill, D.D. 1972.Motor-Free Visual Perception Test. Novato, California: Academic Therapy Publications."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(74)80009-2","volume":"10","author":"M.B. Denckla","year":"1974","unstructured":"Denckla, M.B. and Rudel, R.G. 1974. Rapid \u201cautomatized\u201d naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers by normal children.Cortex 10:186\u2013202.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(81)90133-4","volume":"13","author":"M.B. Denckla","year":"1981","unstructured":"Denckla, M.B., Rudel, R.G., and Broman, M. 1981. Tests that discriminate between dyslexic and other learning-disabled boys.Brain and Language 13:118\u2013129.","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/85.4.665","volume":"85","author":"E. Renzi De","year":"1962","unstructured":"De Renzi, E. and Vignolo, L.A. 1962. The Token Test: a sensitive test to detect disturbances in aphasics.Brain 85:665\u2013678.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(81)90221-2","volume":"5","author":"F.H. Duffy","year":"1981","unstructured":"Duffy, F.H., Bartels, P.H., and Burchfiel, J.L. 1981. Significance probability mapping: An aid in the topographic analysis of brain electrical activity.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 5:455\u2013462.","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050402","volume":"5","author":"F.H. Duffy","year":"1979","unstructured":"Duffy, F.H., Burchfiel, J.L., and Lombroso, C.T. 1979. Brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM): A method for extending the clinical utility of EEG and evoked potential data.Annals of Neurology 5:309\u2013321.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410070505","volume":"7","author":"F.H. Duffy","year":"1980","unstructured":"Duffy, F.H., Denckla, M.B., Bartels, P.H., and Sandini, G. 1980. Regional differences in brain electrical activity by topographic mapping.Annals of Neurology 7:412\u2013420.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR16","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised","author":"L.M. Dunn","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dunn, L.M. and Dunn, L.M. 1981.Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Circle Pines, Minnesota: American Guidance Service."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200102","volume":"22","author":"R.H. Felton","year":"1989","unstructured":"Felton, R.H. and Wood, F.B. 1989. Cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention deficit disorder.Journal of Learning disabilities 22:3\u201313,22.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700104","volume":"7","author":"P.B. Gough","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gough, P.B. and Tunmer, W.E. 1986. Decoding, reading, and reading disability.Remedial and Special Education 7:6\u201310.","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR19","volume-title":"Four Factor Index of Social Status. Working Paper","author":"A.B. Hollingshead","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hollingshead, A.B. 1975.Four Factor Index of Social Status. Working Paper. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR20","volume-title":"Preventing Reading Failure: Prediction, diagnosis, intervention","author":"J.J. Jansky","year":"1972","unstructured":"Jansky, J.J. and de Hirsch, K. 1972.Preventing Reading Failure: Prediction, diagnosis, intervention. New York: Harper and Row."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR21","volume-title":"Left-Right Reversal Test","author":"B.T. Jordan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Jordan, B.T. 1980.Left-Right Reversal Test. Novato, California: Academic Therapy Publications."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00620.x","volume":"27","author":"A.F. Jorm","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jorm, A.F., Share, D.L., MacLean, R., and Matthews, D. 1986. Cognitive factors at school-entry predictive of specific reading retardation and general reading backwardness: A research note.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 27:45\u201354.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR23","volume-title":"Boston Naming Test","author":"E. Kaplan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., and Weintraub, S. 1983.Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR24","volume-title":"Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Comprehensive Form","author":"A.S. Kaufman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kaufman, A.S. and Kaufman, N. 1985.Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Comprehensive Form. Circle Pines, Minnesota: American Guidance Service."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR25","volume-title":"Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities","author":"S.A. Kirk","year":"1968","unstructured":"Kirk, S.A., McCarthy, J.J., and Kirk, W. 1968.Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258500600604","volume":"6","author":"I.Y. Liberman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Liberman, I.Y. and Shankweiler, D. 1985. Phonology and the problems of learning to read and write.Remedial and Special Education 6:8\u201317.","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(78)80011-2","volume":"14","author":"S.D. Lindgren","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lindgren, S.D. 1978. Finger localization and the prediction of reading disability.Cortex 14:87\u2013101.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201500604","volume":"15","author":"G.T. Lindquist","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lindquist, G.T. 1982. Preschool screening as a means of predicting later reading achievement.Journal of Learning Disabilities 15:331\u2013332.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201500403","volume":"15","author":"G. A. Lindsay","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lindsay, G. A. and Wedell, K. 1982. The early identification of educationally \u201cat risk\u201d children revisited.Journal of Learning Disabilities 15:212\u2013217.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200202","volume":"22","author":"V.A. Mann","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mann, V.A., Cowin, E., and Schoenheimer, J. 1989. Phonological processing, language comprehension, and reading ability.Journal of Learning Disabilities 22:76\u201389.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401701005","volume":"17","author":"V.A. Mann","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mann, V.A. and Liberman, I.Y. 1984. Phonological awareness and verbal short-term memory.Journal of Learning Disabilities 17:592\u2013599.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR32","volume-title":"Aston Index Revised","author":"M. Newton","year":"1982","unstructured":"Newton, M. and Thomson, M. 1982.Aston Index Revised. Cambridge, England: LDA."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR33","volume-title":"Genetics and Learning Disabilities","author":"B.F. Pennington","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pennington, B.F. 1986. Issues in the diagnosis and phenotype analysis of dyslexia: Implications for family studies.In S.D. Smith (ed.)Genetics and Learning Disabilities. San Diego: College-Hill Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700105","volume":"7","author":"C.A. Perfetti","year":"1986","unstructured":"Perfetti, C.A. 1986. Continuities in reading acquisition, reading skill, and reading disability.Remedial and Special Education 7:11\u201321.","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR35","volume-title":"Dyslexia: An Appraisal of Current Knowledge","author":"M. Rutter","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rutter, M. 1978. Prevalence and types of dyslexia.In A.L. Benton and D. Pearl (eds.).Dyslexia: An Appraisal of Current Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR36","volume-title":"Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading","author":"P. Satz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Satz, P. and Morris, R. 1981. Learning disability subtypes: A review.In F.J. Pirozzolo and M.C. Wittrock (eds.).Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR37","volume-title":"Dyslexia: An Appraisal of Current Knowledge","author":"P. Satz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Satz, P., Taylor, H.G., Friel, J., and Fletcher, J. 1978. Some developmental and predictive precursors of reading disabilities: A six year follow-up.In A.L. Benton and D. Pearl (eds.).Dyslexia: An Appraisal of Current Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.76.6.1309","volume":"76","author":"D.L. Share","year":"1984","unstructured":"Share, D.L., Jorm, A.F., MacLean, R., and Matthews, R. 1984. Sources of individual differences in reading acquisition.Journal of Educational Psychology 76:1309\u20131324.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb02109.x","volume":"29","author":"D.L. Share","year":"1987","unstructured":"Share, D.L., Silva, P.A., and Adler, C.J. 1987. Factors associated with reading-plus-spelling retardation and specific spelling retardation.Developmental Medicine and Child Development 29:72\u201384.","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Development"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200803","volume":"22","author":"L.S. Siegal","year":"1989","unstructured":"Siegal, L.S. 1989. I.Q. is irrelevent to the definition of learning disabilities.Journal of Learning Disabilities 22:469\u2013478, 486.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1985.tb01942.x","volume":"26","author":"P.A. Silva","year":"1985","unstructured":"Silva, P.A., McGee, R., and Williams, S. 1985. Some characteristics of 9-year-old boys with general reading backwardness or specific reading retardation.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 26:407\u2013421.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR42","unstructured":"Small, N. 1968. Levels of perceptual functioning in children: A developmental study. Master\u2019s thesis, University of Florida."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003","volume":"21","author":"K.E. Stanovich","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stanovich, K.E. 1988a. Explaining the difference between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological-core variable-difference model.Journal of Learning Disabilities 21:590\u2013604.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648254","volume":"38","author":"K.E. Stanovich","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stanovich, K.E. 1988b. The right and wrong places to look for the cognitive locus of reading disability.Annals of Dyslexia 38:154\u2013177.","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR45","volume-title":"Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales","author":"L.M. Terman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Terman, L.M. and Merrill, M.A. 1973.Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 1972 Norms Edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR46","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and Research","author":"F. Vellutino","year":"1979","unstructured":"Vellutino, F. 1979.Dyslexia: Theory and Research. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(75)90050-0","volume":"13","author":"F.R. Vellutino","year":"1975","unstructured":"Vellutino, F.R., Steger, J.A., Harding, C.J., and Phillips, F. 1975. Verbal versus non verbal paired-associates learning in poor and normal readers.Neuropsychologia 13:75\u201382.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601901009","volume":"19","author":"R.K. Wagner","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wagner, R.K. 1986. Phonological processing abilities and reading: Implications for disabled readers.Journal of Learning Disabilities 19:623\u2013630.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR49","volume-title":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence","author":"D. Wechsler","year":"1963","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. 1963.Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. New York: Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR50","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised","author":"D. Wechsler","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. 1974.Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR51","volume-title":"Gray Oral Reading Tests: Revised","author":"J.L. Wiederholt","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wiederholt, J.L. and Bryant, B.R. 1986.Gray Oral Reading Tests: Revised. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"BF02648146_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401700413","volume":"17","author":"J.P. Williams","year":"1984","unstructured":"Williams, J.P. 1984. Phonemic analysis and how it relates to reading.Journal of Learning Disabilities 17:240\u2013245.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF02648146_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02663615","volume":"34","author":"M. Wolf","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wolf, M. 1984. Naming, reading, and the dyslexias: A longitudinal overview.Annals of Dyslexia 34:87\u2013115.","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"}],"container-title":["Annals of Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02648146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02648146\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02648146","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T20:49:44Z","timestamp":1558385384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02648146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02648146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02648146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-9387","1934-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-9387","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,1]]}}}