{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:18:00Z","timestamp":1761862680642},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]],"date-time":"1996-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":846806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Biomed Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02684181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,15]],"date-time":"2007-08-15T22:35:39Z","timestamp":1187217339000},"page":"685-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Experimental analysis of fluid mechanical energy losses in aortic valve stenosis: Importance of pressure recovery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Russell S.","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnold A.","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randall Y.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aniket","family":"Sidhaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajit P.","family":"Yoganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02684181_CR1","unstructured":"Heart and Stroke Facts: Statistical Supplement. Dallas: American Heart Association, 1994, pp. 1\u201322."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.4.1467","volume":"82","author":"H. Baumgartner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baumgartner, H., S. Khan, M. DeRobertis, L. Czer, and G. Maurer. Discrepancies between Doppler and catheter gradients in aortic prosthetic valves in vitro. A manifestation of localized gradients and pressure recovery.Circulation 82: 1467\u20131475, 1990.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR3","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Fluid Meters: Their Theory and Application","author":"H. Bean","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bean, H.,Fluid Meters: Their Theory and Application. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1971, pp. 47\u201364."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR4","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cardiovascular Physiology","author":"R. Berne","year":"1986","unstructured":"Berne, R., and M. N. Levy.Cardiovascular Physiology. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Co., 1986, pp. 1\u2013245."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90118-X","volume":"24","author":"I. Burwash","year":"1994","unstructured":"Burwash, I., A. Pearlman, C. Kraft, C. Miyake-Hill, N. Healy, and C. Otto. Flow dependence of measures of aortic stenosis severity during exercise.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 24: 1342\u20131350, 1994.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)91374-4","volume":"62","author":"S. Cannon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cannon, S., K. Richards, M. Crawford, E. Folland, G. Perpont, G. Sethi, and K. Hammermeister. Inadequacy of the Gorlin formula for predicting prosthetic valve area.Am. J. Cardiol. 62:113\u2013116, 1988.","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90445-S","volume":"20","author":"S. Cannon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cannon, S., M. Zile, F. Crawford, and B. Carabello. Aortic valve resistance as an adjunct to the Gorlin formula in assessing the severity of aortic stenosis in symptomatic patients.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20:1517\u20131523, 1992.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(76)90068-3","volume":"9","author":"C. Clark","year":"1976","unstructured":"Clark, C. The fluid mechanics of aortic stenosis. I. Theory and steady flow experiments.J. Biomech. 9:521\u2013528, 1976.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(76)90097-X","volume":"9","author":"C. Clark","year":"1976","unstructured":"Clark, C. The fluid mechanics of aortic stenosis. II. Unsteady flow experiments.J. Biomech. 9:567\u2013573, 1976.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90159-3","volume":"12","author":"C. Clark","year":"1979","unstructured":"Clark, C. Energy losses in flow through stenosed valves.J. Biomech. 12:737\u2013746, 1979.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1243\/EMED_JOUR_1978_007_025_02","volume":"7","author":"C. Gentle","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gentle, C.. The role of simulation studies in cardiac valve prosthesis design.Eng. Med. 7:101\u2013106, 1978.","journal-title":"Eng. Med."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(73)90115-0","volume":"54","author":"N. Goldschlager","year":"1973","unstructured":"Goldschlager, N., J. Pfeifer, K. Cohn, R. Popper, and A. Selzer. The natural history of aortic regurgitation.Am. J. Med. 54:577\u2013588, 1973.","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(51)90002-6","volume":"41","author":"R. Gorlin","year":"1951","unstructured":"Gorlin, R., and S. Gorlin. Hydraulic formula for calculations of the area of the stenotic mitral valve, other cardiac valves and central circulatory shunts.Am. Heart J. 41:1\u201329, 1951.","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1148\/96.1.1","volume":"96","author":"R. Gramiak","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gramiak, R., and P. Shah Echocardiography of the normal and diseased aortic valve.Radiology 96:1, 1970.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR15","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy","author":"H. Gray","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gray, H.,Gray's Anatomy. New York: Bounty Books, 1977."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR16","first-page":"183","volume":"2","author":"S. Khan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Khan, S. Assessment of prosthetic valve hemodynamics by Doppler lessons from in vitro studies of the St. Jude valve.J. Heart Valve Dis. 2:183\u2013193, 1993.","journal-title":"J. Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(94)70465-1","volume":"107","author":"K. Kunzelman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kunzelman, K., K. Grander, R. David, R. Cochran, and E. Verrier. Aortic root and valve relationships.J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 107:162\u2013170, 1994.","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.6.1473","volume":"92","author":"W. Laskey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Laskey, W., K.W.G. Kussmall, and A. Noordergraaf. Valvular and systemic arterial hemodynamics in aortic valve stenosis. A model-based approach.Circulation 92:1473\u20131478, 1995.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(87)90022-7","volume":"9","author":"S. Leefe","year":"1987","unstructured":"Leefe, S., and C. Gentle. Theoretical evaluation of energy loss methods in the analysis of prosthetic heart valves.J. Biomed. Eng. 9:121\u2013127, 1987.","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90615-3","volume":"13","author":"R. Levine","year":"1989","unstructured":"Levine, R., A. Jimoh, E. Cape, S. McMillan, A. Yoganathan, and A. Weyman. Pressure recovery distal to a stenosis: Potential cause of gradient \u201coverestimation\u201d by Doppler echocardiography.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 13:706\u2013715, 1989.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.1995.tb00539.x","volume":"12","author":"J. Missri","year":"1995","unstructured":"Missri, J. Is cardiac catheterization necessary in the era of echocardiography?Echocardiography 12:195\u2013205, 1995.","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR22","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics","author":"B. Munson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Munson, B., D. Young, and T. Okiishi.Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1990."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/14017437109131944","volume":"5","author":"C. Olin","year":"1971","unstructured":"Olin, C. Pulsatile flow studies of prosthetic aortic valves.Scand. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 5:1\u201312, 1971.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90590-1","volume":"13","author":"C. Otto","year":"1989","unstructured":"Otto, C., A. Pearlman, and C. Gardner Hemodynamic progression of aortic stenosis in adults assessed by Doppler echocardiography.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 13:545\u2013550, 1989.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.78.2.435","volume":"78","author":"C. Otto","year":"1988","unstructured":"Otto, C., A. Pearlman, C. Gardner, D. Enomoto, T. Togo, H. Tsuboi, and T. Ivey. Experimental validation of Doppler echocardiographic measurement of volume flow through the stenotic arotic valve.Circulation 78:435\u2013441, 1988.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90287-Y","volume":"15","author":"A. Pasipoularides","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pasipoularides, A. Clinical assessment of ventricular ejection dynamics with and without outflow obstruction.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 15:859\u2013882, 1990.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR27","first-page":"H542","volume":"246","author":"A. Pasipoulardes","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pasipoulardes, A., J. Murgo, J. Bird, and W. Craig. Fluid dynamics of aortic stenosis: Mechanisms for the presence of subvalvular pressure gradients.Am. J. Physiol. 246:H542-H550, 1984.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.61.2.220","volume":"61","author":"A. Pasipoularides","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pasipoularides, A., J. Murgo, J. Miller, and W. Craig. Nonobstructive left ventricular pressure gradients in man.Circ. Res. 61:220\u2013227, 1987.","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80418-6","volume":"5","author":"J. Ross","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ross, J. Afterload mismatch in aortic and mitral valve disease: Implications for surgical therapy.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 5:811\u2013826, 1985.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR30","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Experiments in Physical Chemistry","author":"D. Shoemaker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Shoemaker, D., C. Barland, and J. Nibler.Experiments in Physical Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989, pp. 55\u201363."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90309-D","volume":"16","author":"D. Sprigings","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sprigings, D., J. Chambers, T. Cochrane, J. Allen, and G. Jackson. Ventricular stroke work loss: Validation of a method of quantifying the severity of aortic stenosis and derivation of an orifice formula.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 16: 1608\u20131614, 1990.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR32","first-page":"318","volume":"18","author":"W. Swanson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Swanson, W. Relative performance of prosthetic heart valves based on power measurements.Med. Instrum. 18: 318\u2013325, 1984.","journal-title":"Med. Instrum."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.19.3.261","volume":"19","author":"L. Temple","year":"1964","unstructured":"Temple, L., R. Serafin, N. Calvert, and J. Drabble. Principles of fluid mechanics applied to some situations in the human circulation and particularly to the testing of valves in a pulse duplicator.Thorax 19:261\u2013267, 1964.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR34","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Aortic Valve","author":"M. Thubrikar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thubrikar, M.The Aortic Valve, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1990, pp. 1\u2013222."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.35.5.868","volume":"35","author":"J. Tobin","year":"1967","unstructured":"Tobin, J., S. Rahimtoola, P. Blundell, and H. Swan, Percentage of left ventricular stroke work loss.Circulation 35: 868\u2013879, 1967.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90454-U","volume":"20","author":"W. Voelker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Voelker, W., H. Reul, T. Stelzer, A. Schmidt, and K. Karsch. Pressure recovery in aortic stenosis: An in vitro study in a pulsatile flow model.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20: 1585\u20131593, 1992.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s113","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/6.Supplement_1.S113","volume":"6","author":"P. Walker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Walker, P., and A. Yoganathan. In vitro pulsatile flow hemodynamics of five mechanical heart valve prostheses.Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 6:s113-s123, 1992.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"E. Yellin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Yellin, E., and C. Peskin. Large amplitude pulsatile water flow across an orifice.Winter Annual\/Bio ASME 12:1\u201312, 1973.","journal-title":"Winter Annual\/Bio ASME"},{"key":"BF02684181_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(84)80015-7","volume":"3","author":"R. Gray","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gray, R., A. Chaux, J. Metloff, M. DeRobertis, M. Raymond, M. Stewart, and A. Yoganathan Bileaflet, tilting disk, and porcine aortic valve substitutes:In vitro hydrodynamic characteristics.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 3:321\u2013327, 1984.","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"BF02684181_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90154-4","volume":"12","author":"A. Yoganathan","year":"1979","unstructured":"Yoganathan, A., W. Corcoran, and E. Harrison. Pressure drops across prosthetic aortic heart valves under steady and pulsatile flow-in vitro measurements.J. Biomech. 12:153\u2013164, 1979.","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Annals of Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02684181.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02684181\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02684181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]],"date-time":"2020-04-25T22:23:20Z","timestamp":1587853400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02684181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02684181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02684181","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6964","1573-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6964","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-9686","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]}}}