{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:20:18Z","timestamp":1790821218101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,28]],"date-time":"1995-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":804297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Appartenant au genre traditionnel de la typologie des nations, l\u2019image de l\u2019Espagnol m\u00e9lancolique constitue un <jats:italic>topos<\/jats:italic> culturel vivace, qui se manifeste avec une remarquable continuit\u00e9 depuis le Si\u00e8cle d\u2019Or espagnol. Attribu\u00e9 par les \u00e9trangers \u2013 notamment par les Fran\u00e7ais \u2013 ce clich\u00e9 est aussi revendiqu\u00e9 et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par les auteurs espagnols eux-m\u00eames. Il devient d\u00e8s lors n\u00e9cessaire de s\u2019interroger sur la persistance de ce <jats:italic>topos<\/jats:italic> \u00e0 travers les si\u00e8cles ainsi que d\u2019examiner comment \u2013 et pourquoi \u2013 les Espagnols ont adh\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019image que l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur et la caract\u00e9rologie des nations ont donn\u00e9e d\u2019eux. L\u2019examen des occurrences de ce <jats:italic>topos<\/jats:italic> a pour but de cerner son fonctionnement, de d\u00e9terminer les repr\u00e9sentations \u2013 parfois antagoniques \u2013 qu\u2019il convoque dans le texte et les enjeux qu\u2019il implique. L\u2019image de l\u2019Espagnol m\u00e9lancolique constitue une repr\u00e9sentation profond\u00e9ment subjective qui engage un travail complexe de l\u2019imaginaire: elle met en jeu la repr\u00e9sentation de l\u2019alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 et la conscience que chaque nation a de soi, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant beaucoup du sujet qui la produit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03181268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T12:12:28Z","timestamp":1265890348000},"page":"99-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["La typologie des nations et l'Espagnol m\u00e9lancolique: notes pour l'interpr\u00e9tation d'un clich\u00e9"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"\u00dcrobitg-Laval","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"BF03181268_CR1","series-title":"Discurso de recepci\u00f3n a la Real Academia Espa\u00f1ola (30 juin 1935)","first-page":"32","volume-title":"La brevedad de la vida en nuestra poes\u00eda l\u00edrica","author":"Ramiro Maeztu de","year":"1936","unstructured":"Ramirode Maeztu, \u00abLa brevedad de la vida en nuestra poes\u00eda l\u00edrica\u00bb,Discurso de recepci\u00f3n a la Real Academia Espa\u00f1ola (30 juin 1935) Madrid, Gr\u00e1fica Universal, 1936, p. 32. Comme dans la suite de l\u2019article, c\u2019est nous qui traduisons les citations en espagnol."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Varia lecci\u00f3n de cl\u00e1sicos espa\u00f1oles","author":"Marcel Bataillon","year":"1964","unstructured":"MarcelBataillon, \u00ab?Melancol\u00eda renacentista o melancol\u00eda jud\u00eda?\u00bb, inVaria lecci\u00f3n de cl\u00e1sicos espa\u00f1oles, Madrid, Gredos, 1964, p. 39\u201355."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR3","unstructured":"\u00abDe don Sem Tob a Kafka. Historia de una melancol\u00eda\u00bb,Letras de Deusto, no 53, marsavril 1992, p. 5\u201316."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR4","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Pr\u00e9face aux M\u00e9moires du capitaine Alonso de Contreras","author":"Ernst J\u00fcnger","year":"1990","unstructured":"ErnstJ\u00fcnger,Pr\u00e9face aux M\u00e9moires du capitaine Alonso de Contreras, \u00e9d. OlivierCoubertin, Paris, Viviane Hamy, 1990, p. 9."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR5","unstructured":"Marius-Fran\u00e7oisGuyard,La Litt\u00e9rature compar\u00e9e, Paris, 1954, p. 24, cit\u00e9 par L\u00e9on-Fran\u00e7oisHoffmann,Romantique Espagne. L\u2019image de l\u2019Espagne en France entre 1800 et 1850, Princeton, NJ\/Paris, Princeton U. P.\/Presses universitaires de France, 1961, p. 1."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR6","unstructured":"LouisVan Delft, \u00abLes \u201ccaract\u00e8res des nations\u201d \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge classique\u00bb, inTravaux de litt\u00e9rature offerts en hommage \u00e0 No\u00e9mi Hepp, publi\u00e9s par l\u2019ADIREL, III, 1990, p. 449."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR7","unstructured":"Ibid., LouisVan Delft, \u00abLes \u201ccaract\u00e8res des nations\u201d \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge classique\u00bb, inTravaux de litt\u00e9rature offerts en hommage \u00e0 No\u00e9mi Hepp, publi\u00e9s par l\u2019ADIREL, III, 1990, p. 449."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR8","unstructured":"Ibid., LouisVan Delft, \u00abLes \u201ccaract\u00e8res des nations\u201d \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge classique\u00bb, inTravaux de litt\u00e9rature offerts en hommage \u00e0 No\u00e9mi Hepp, publi\u00e9s par l\u2019ADIREL, III, 1990, p. 454."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR9","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Nueva Filosof\u00eda de la naturaleza del hombre","author":"Miguel Sabuco de Nantes","year":"1981","unstructured":"MiguelSabuco de Nantes,Nueva Filosof\u00eda de la naturaleza del hombre, \u00e9d. AtilanoMart\u00ednez Tom\u00e9 Madrid, Editora Nacional, 1981, p. 146."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR10","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Examen de ingenios","author":"Juan Huarte de San Juan","year":"1989","unstructured":"JuanHuarte de San Juan,Examen de ingenios, \u00e9d. guillermoSer\u00e9s, Madrid, C\u00e1tedra, 1989, p. 168\u2013170."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR11","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Mercadal","year":"1959","unstructured":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal, t. II, compilation, prologue et notes de Jos\u00e9Garc\u00eda Mercadal, Madrid, Aguilar, 1959, p. 36."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR12","first-page":"863","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Mercadal","year":"1959","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 863 et 867."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR13","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Mercadal","year":"1959","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 425."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR14","first-page":"469","volume-title":"Relation du voyage d\u2019Espagne","author":"Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Barneville","year":"1962","unstructured":"Marie-CatherineJumelle de Barneville, comtessed\u2019Aulnoy,Relation du voyage d\u2019Espagne, introd. et notes de RaymondFoulch\u00e9-Delbosc, Paris, Klincksieck, 1962, Lettre XII, p. 469."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR15","unstructured":"Barth\u00e9lemyJoly,Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne (1603\u20131604), publ. par LouisBarrau-Dihigo, extrait de laRevue hispanique, t. XX, New York\/Paris, 1909, p. 160."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR16","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"J. Garc\u00eda Mercadal","year":"1959","unstructured":"J. Garc\u00eda Mercadal, inop. cit. supra n. 11 p. 38."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR17","first-page":"328","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"J. Garc\u00eda Mercadal","year":"1959","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 328."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR18","volume-title":"Aprobaci\u00f3n de ingenios y curacion de hipochondricos","author":"Tom\u00e1s Murillo y Velarde","year":"1672","unstructured":"Voir, en part., le portrait du m\u00e9lancolique chez Tom\u00e1sMurillo y Velarde,Aprobaci\u00f3n de ingenios y curacion de hipochondricos, Saragosse, Diego de Ormer, 1672, fol. 38 r, qui correspond quasiment terme \u00e0 terme \u00e0 la description de l\u2019Espagnol chez Huarte de San Juan et aux portraits de l\u2019Espagnol dans les r\u00e9cits de voyage des \u00e9trangers en Espagne."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR19","unstructured":"B. Joly,op. cit. supra n. 15Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne (1603\u20131604), publ. par LouisBarrau-Dihigo, extrait de laRevue hispanique, t. XX, New York\/Paris, 1909, p. 152."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR20","first-page":"749","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"Andr\u00e9 Jouvin","year":"1959","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9Jouvin,op. cit. supra n. 11, p. 749\u2013752."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR21","first-page":"540","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"Antoine Gramont de","year":"1959","unstructured":"Antoinede Gramont, inop. cit. supra n. 11, p. 540: \u00abLeur paresse et leur ignorance [des Espagnols], non seulement en ce qui concerne les sciences et les arts mais pour tout ce qui se d\u00e9roule hors de l\u2019Espagne [...] sont \u00e9quivalentes et inconcevables."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR22","unstructured":"Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne, op. cit. supra n. 15,Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne (1603\u20131604), publ. par LouisBarrau-Dihigo, extrait de laRevue hispanique, t. XX, New York\/Paris, 1909, p. 92.Ibid., p. 84,B. Joly d\u00e9crit la r\u00e9gion de Saragosse comme de \u00abgrans deserts arides de thin et rosmarin, sans aulcuns villages [...]. Tout ce pais est si sec qu\u2019il est presque tout deshabit\u00e9\u00bb."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR23","first-page":"535","volume-title":"Relation du voyage d\u2019Espagne","author":"Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Barneville","year":"1962","unstructured":"Om. cit. supra n. 14, Lettre XIV, p. 535."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR24","first-page":"540","volume-title":"Viajes de extranjeros por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal","author":"A. Gramont de","year":"1959","unstructured":"A. deGramont, inop. cit. supra n. 11,, p. 540."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR25","unstructured":"A.Brunel, inibid., p. 516."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR26","first-page":"534","volume-title":"Relation du voyage d\u2019Espagne","author":"Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Barneville","year":"1962","unstructured":"Op. cit. supra n. 14,, p. 534."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR27","first-page":"272","volume-title":"Pouvoir, ville et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en Europe 1650\u20131750","author":"No\u00e9mi Hepp","year":"1983","unstructured":"No\u00e9miHepp, \u00abLes nations europ\u00e9ennes sous le regard des m\u00e9morialistes fran\u00e7ais au temps de Louis XIII et Mazarin\u00bb, inPouvoir, ville et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en Europe 1650\u20131750, colloque international du C.N.R.S., oct. 1981, actes r\u00e9unis et publi\u00e9s par GeorgesLivet et BernardVogler, Paris, Ophyrys, 1983, p. 272."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR28","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Les Six Livres de la R\u00e9publique","author":"Jean Bodin","year":"1986","unstructured":"JeanBodin,Les Six Livres de la R\u00e9publique, Paris, Fayard, 1986, vol. 5, p. 27."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR29","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Les Six Livres de la R\u00e9publique","author":"Jean Bodin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 43."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR30","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Les Six Livres de la R\u00e9publique","author":"Jean Bodin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 22\u201323."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR31","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Les Six Livres de la R\u00e9publique","author":"Jean Bodin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 25\u201326."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR32","first-page":"341","volume-title":"El Critic\u00f3n","author":"Baltasar Graci\u00e1n","year":"1984","unstructured":"BaltasarGraci\u00e1n,El Critic\u00f3n, \u00e9d. SantosAlonso, Madrid, C\u00e1tedra, 1984, p. 341. La psychologie des nations est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans I, 13; II, 3; III, 3 et 9."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR33","first-page":"265","volume-title":"El Critic\u00f3n","author":"Baltasar Graci\u00e1n","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 265 et 611."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR34","first-page":"582","volume-title":"El Critic\u00f3n","author":"Baltasar Graci\u00e1n","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 582."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR35","first-page":"340","volume-title":"El Critic\u00f3n","author":"Baltasar Graci\u00e1n","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 340."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR36","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Agudeza y arte de ingenio","author":"B. Graci\u00e1n","year":"1987","unstructured":"B.Graci\u00e1n,Agudeza y arte de ingenio, \u00e9d. EvaristoCorrea Calder\u00f3n, Madrid, Castalia, 1987, I, p. 46."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR37","first-page":"738","volume-title":"El Critic\u00f3n","author":"Baltasar Graci\u00e1n","year":"1984","unstructured":"Id.,op. cit. supra n. 32,, p. 738."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR38","first-page":"738","volume-title":"El Critic\u00f3n","author":"B. Graci\u00e1n","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ibid.."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR39","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Garcilaso de la Vega y sus comentaristas","year":"1972","unstructured":"Garcilaso de la Vega y sus comentaristas, \u00e9d., introd. et notes d\u2019AntonioGallego Morell, Madrid, Gredos, 1972, p. 313. Fernandode Herrera,Obras de Garcilaso de la Vega con Anotaciones de Herrera, S\u00e9ville, 1580, p. 74\u201375."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR40","unstructured":"F.de Herrera,op. cit. supra n. 39Obras de Garcilaso de la Vega con Anotaciones de Herrera, S\u00e9ville, 1580, p. 242."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR41","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Garcilaso de la Vega y sus comentaristas","year":"1972","unstructured":"Garcilaso de la Vega y sus comentaristas, op. cit. supra n. 39,, p. 313.F. de Herrera,op. cit. supra n. 39,Obras de Garcilaso de la Vega con Anotaciones de Herrera, S\u00e9ville, 1580, p. 74\u201375."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR42","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Examen de ingenios","author":"J. Huarte de San Juan","year":"1989","unstructured":"J.Huarte de San Juan,op. cit. supra n. 10, p. 162\u2013163."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR43","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Examen de ingenios","author":"J. Huarte de San Juan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 415."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR44","first-page":"458","volume-title":"Examen de ingenios","author":"J. Huarte de San Juan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 458 et 460, respectivement."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR45","first-page":"372","volume-title":"Examen de ingenios","author":"Juan Huarte de San Juan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 372."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR46","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Examen de ingenios","author":"Juan Huarte de San Juan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 414\u2013417."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR47","first-page":"451","volume-title":"Examen de ingenios","author":"Juan Huarte de San Juan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 451."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR48","first-page":"1202","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"Luis Vives","year":"1948","unstructured":"LuisVives,Tratado del alma (De Anima et vita), inObras completas, \u00e9d. LorenzoRiber, Madrid, Aguilar, 1948, vol. II, p. 1202."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR49","volume-title":"Aprobaci\u00f3n de ingenios y curacion de hipochondricos","author":"T. Murillo y Velarde","year":"1672","unstructured":"T. Murillo y Velarde,op. cit. supra n. 18, fol. 38 ro et vo."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR50","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Les Rh\u00e9toriques de la pointe. Baltasar Graci\u00e1n et le conceptisme en Europe","author":"Mercedes Blanco","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sur ce sujet: MercedesBlanco,Les Rh\u00e9toriques de la pointe. Baltasar Graci\u00e1n et le conceptisme en Europe, Paris, Champion, 1992, p. 71 sq."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR51","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7oisde la Mothe Le Vayer pousse jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ses derni\u00e8res limites cette opposition dans leDiscours de la contrari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019humeurs qui se trouvent entre certaines nations et singuli\u00e8rement entre la Fran\u00e7oise et l\u2019Espagnole (1631), in\u0152uvres, 3e \u00e9d., Paris, Augustin Comb\u00e9, 1662, o\u00f9 chacune des deux nations repr\u00e9sente une \u00abhumeur\u00bb et un \u00abprincipe\u00bb politique et m\u00e9taphysique oppos\u00e9. D\u2019une opposition circonstantielle, due aux contingences historiques, La Mothe Le Vayer fait un antagonisme naturel, essentiel. Sur l\u2019opposition entre la France et l\u2019Espagne auxvii e si\u00e8cle, chez Quevedo et Graci\u00e1n, voir BenitoPelegrin, \u00abLes Fran\u00e7ais dansLa hora de todos de Quevedo et dans leCritic\u00f3n de Baltasar Graci\u00e1n. De la satire \u00e0 l\u2019all\u00e9gorie\u00bb, inLa Contestation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans la litt\u00e9rature espagnole du Si\u00e8cle d\u2019Or, Toulouse, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 1981 et AsensioGuti\u00e9rrez,La France et les Fran\u00e7ais dans la litt\u00e9rature espagnole. Un aspect de la x\u00e9nophobie en Espagne (1598\u20131665), Saint-\u00c9tienne, Universit\u00e9 de Saint-\u00c9tienne, 1977."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR52","unstructured":"CarlosGarc\u00eda,La Oposici\u00f3n y conjunci\u00f3n de los dos grandes Luminares de la Tierra o La Antipat\u00eda de Franceses y Espa\u00f1oles, \u00e9d. MichelBareau, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Alberta (Canada), Alta Press, 1979, p. 232."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR53","unstructured":"Ibid. CarlosGarc\u00eda,La Oposici\u00f3n y conjunci\u00f3n de los dos grandes Luminares de la Tierra o La Antipat\u00eda de Franceses y Espa\u00f1oles, \u00e9d. MichelBareau, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Alberta (Canada), Alta Press, 1979, p. 204 et 200, respectivement."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR54","unstructured":"Ibid. CarlosGarc\u00eda,La Oposici\u00f3n y conjunci\u00f3n de los dos grandes Luminares de la Tierra o La Antipat\u00eda de Franceses y Espa\u00f1oles, \u00e9d. MichelBareau, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Alberta (Canada), Alta Press, 1979, p. 232\u2013234: \u00abLes Espagnols sont petits, les Fran\u00e7ais sont grands, les Espagnols ont le teint un peu brun, les Fran\u00e7ais l\u2019ont blanc."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR55","unstructured":"Ibid. CarlosGarc\u00eda,La Oposici\u00f3n y conjunci\u00f3n de los dos grandes Luminares de la Tierra o La Antipat\u00eda de Franceses y Espa\u00f1oles, \u00e9d. MichelBareau, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Alberta (Canada), Alta Press, 1979, p. 223."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR56","unstructured":"Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne, op. cit. supra n. 15Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne (1603\u20131604), publ. par LouisBarrau-Dihigo, extrait de laRevue hispanique, t. XX, New York\/Paris, 1909, p. 155\u2013156."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR57","unstructured":"Ibid. Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne (1603\u20131604), publ. par LouisBarrau-Dihigo, extrait de laRevue hispanique, t. XX, New York\/Paris, 1909, p. 160: \u00abla gravit\u00e9 et severit\u00e9 sont autres vertus particulieres des castillans et dont plusieurs d\u2019entre eux se parent fort, quand ilz s\u2019y peuvent tenir sans en sortir; car ceste fa\u00e7on et contenance, compos\u00e9e \u00e0 modestie, affect\u00e9e en tristesse, l\u2019on imite du visage de la vertu."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR58","unstructured":"Ibid. Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne (1603\u20131604), publ. par LouisBarrau-Dihigo, extrait de laRevue hispanique, t. XX, New York\/Paris, 1909, p. 158."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR59","unstructured":"Ibid. Voyage de Barth\u00e9lemy Joly en Espagne (1603\u20131604), publ. par LouisBarrau-Dihigo, extrait de laRevue hispanique, t. XX, New York\/Paris, 1909, p. 158."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR60","first-page":"264","volume-title":"M\u00e9moires","author":"Louis Rouvroy De","year":"1878","unstructured":"LouisDe Rouvroy, duc DESaint-Simon,M\u00e9moires, \u00e9d.Ch\u00e9ruel, Paris, Hachette, 1878, t. XII, p. 264 et 364."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR61","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Lettres persanes","author":"Charles Secondat De","year":"1975","unstructured":"CharlesDe Secondat, baron DEMontesquieu,Lettres persanes, \u00e9d. PaulVerni\u00e8re, Paris, Garneir, 1975, p. 163\u2013168."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3406\/hispa.1974.4140","volume":"LXXVI","author":"Michel Dubuis","year":"1974","unstructured":"MichelDubuis, \u00abLa \u00abgravit\u00e9 espagnole\u00bb et le \u00abs\u00e9rieux\u00bb. Recherches sur le vocabulaire de Cadalso et de ses contemporains\u00bb,Bulletin hispanique, t. LXXVI, janv.-juin 1974, p. 5\u201391.","journal-title":"Bulletin hispanique"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR63","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Essai sur les m\u0153urs et l\u2019esprit des nations","author":"Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet","year":"1828","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois MarieArouet, ditVoltaire,Essai sur les m\u0153urs et l\u2019esprit des nations, in\u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes, Paris, Delangle fr\u00e8res, 1828, vol. XXIV, p. 13."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR64","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Teatro cr\u00edtico universal","author":"Benito Jer\u00f3nimo Feijoo","year":"1986","unstructured":"Benito Jer\u00f3nimoFeijoo,Teatro cr\u00edtico universal, \u00e9d. GiovanniStiffoni, Madrid, Castalia, 1986, p. 193."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR65","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Informe sobre la ley agraria","author":"Gaspar Melchor Jovellanos de","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gaspar Melchorde Jovellanos,Memoria para el arreglo de la polic\u00eda de los espect\u00e1culos y diversiones p\u00fablicas, y sobre su origen en Espa\u00f1a.Informe sobre la ley agraria, \u00e9d. Jos\u00e9Lagf, Madrid, C\u00e1tedra, 1977, p. 118."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR66","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Teatro cr\u00edtico universal","author":"Benito Jer\u00f3nimo Feijoo","year":"1986","unstructured":"Teatro cr\u00edtico universal, op. cit. supra n. 64,, p. 171."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR67","volume-title":"Cartas marruecas","author":"Jos\u00e9 Cadalso de","year":"1966","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9de Cadalso,Cartas marruecas, \u00e9d. LucienDupuis et NigelGlendinning, Londres, Tamesis Books, 1966, lettre LXXX, lignes 24\u201326. Voir aussi laDefensa de la Naci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola contra la carta persiana LXXVIII de Montesquieu, \u00e9d. GuyMercadier, Toulouse, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 1970, p. 16."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR68","unstructured":"Cartas de personajes y literatos a Fr. Mart\u00edn Sarmiento (1733\u20131771), Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, ms 9-29-1-5762, fol. 179. J\u2019emprunte cette r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 M.Dubuis,art. cit. supra n. 62, \u00abLa \u201cgravit\u00e9 espagnole\u201d et le \u201cs\u00e9rieux\u201d. Recherches sur le vocabulaire de Cadalso et de ses contemporains\u00bb,Bulletin hispanique, t. LXXVI, janv.\u2013juin 1974, p. 38."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR69","first-page":"49","volume":"448","author":"Antonio Mestre","year":"1983","unstructured":"AntonioMestre, \u00abLa imagen de Espa\u00f1a en el sigloxviii: apologistas, cr\u00edticos y detractores\u00bb,Arbor, 448, mai 1983, p. 49\u201373.","journal-title":"Arbor"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR70","unstructured":"EdgarQuinet,Mes vacances en Espagne, in\u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes, 11 vol., Paris, 1857, vol. IX, p. 152\u2013153."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlexandreDumas p\u00e8re,De Paris \u00e0 Cadix, in\u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes, Paris, Calmann-L\u00e9vy, 1897, vol. II, p. 42, cit\u00e9 par L.-F.Hoffmann,op. cit. supra n. 5,Romantique Espagne. L\u2019image de l\u2019Espagne en France entre 1800 et 1850, Princeton, NJ\/Paris, Princeton U. P.\/Presses universitaires de France, 1961, p. 73.","DOI":"10.1215\/00182168-42.3.452"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR72","unstructured":"HenriBeyle, ditStendhal,Napol\u00e9on, in\u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes, \u00e9d. HenriMartineau, Paris, 1927\u20131937, vol. XLIX, p. 152, cit\u00e9 par L.-F.Hoffmann,op. cit. supra n. 5,Romantique Espagne. L\u2019image de l\u2019Espagne en France entre 1800 et 1850, Princeton, NJ\/Paris, Princeton U. P.\/Presses universitaires de France, 1961, p. 73."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR73","first-page":"11","volume":"II","author":"Marquis Custine de","year":"1838","unstructured":"Marquisde Custine,L\u2019Espagne sous Ferdinand VII, Bruxelles, 1838, vol. II, p. 11, cit\u00e9 par L.-F.Hoffmann,op. cit. supra n. 5,Romantique Espagne. L\u2019image de l\u2019Espagne en France entre 1800 et 1850, Princeton, NJ\/Paris, Princeton U. P.\/Presses universitaires de France, 1961, p. 75.","journal-title":"L\u2019Espagne sous Ferdinand VII"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR74","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"Angel Ganivet","year":"1961","unstructured":"Sur ce point, voir, en part., AngelGanivet,Idearium espa\u00f1ol, 1896, inObras completas, Madrid, Aguilar, 1961, I, p. 288."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR75","first-page":"63","volume-title":"La Voluntad","author":"Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez Ruiz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9Mart\u00ednez Ruiz, ditAzor\u00edn,La Voluntad, \u00e9d. E.Inman Fox, Madrid, Castalia, 1982, p. 63 et 85, respectivement."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR76","first-page":"184","volume-title":"La Voluntad","author":"Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez Ruiz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 184."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR77","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Los Pueblos. La Andaluc\u00eda tr\u00e1gica y otros art\u00edculos (1904\u20131905)","author":"Azor\u00edn","year":"1973","unstructured":"Azor\u00edn,Los Pueblos. La Andaluc\u00eda tr\u00e1gica y otros art\u00edculos (1904\u20131905), \u00e9d. Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00edaValverde, Madrid, Castalia, 1973, p. 211."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR78","first-page":"211","volume-title":"La Voluntad","author":"Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez Ruiz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Id.,op. cit. supra n. 75,, p. 211\u2013213."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR79","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"P\u00edo Baroja","year":"1948","unstructured":"P\u00edoBaroja,Triste pa\u00eds!, inObras completas, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, t. V, 1948, p. 48\u201349."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR80","first-page":"591","volume-title":"Poes\u00eda y prosa","author":"Antonio Machado","year":"1989","unstructured":"AntonioMachado,Poes\u00eda y prosa, \u00e9d. OresteMacr\u00ed, Madrid, Espasa Calpe\/Fundaci\u00f3n Antonio Machado, 1989, t. II, p. 591."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR81","first-page":"494","volume-title":"Poes\u00eda y prosa","author":"Antonio Machado","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 494 et 559\u2013560, respectivement."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR82","first-page":"1132","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"Miguel Unamuno de","year":"1958","unstructured":"Miguelde Unamuno, \u00abDe las tristezas espa\u00f1olas: la aced\u00eda\u00bb, dansEspa\u00f1a y los espa\u00f1oles 1 (1897\u20131919), inObras completas, \u00e9d. ManuelGarc\u00eda Blanco, Madrid, \u00c9d. Afrodisio Aguado\/Vergara, 1958, t. IV, p. 1132\u20131135."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR83","first-page":"1130","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"Miguel Unamuno de","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 1130."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR84","first-page":"1045","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"M. Unamuno de","year":"1958","unstructured":"M.de Unamuno, \u00abDe la regeneraci\u00f3n: en lo justo\u00bb, dansEspa\u00f1a y los espa\u00f1oles 1 (1897\u20131919), inObras completas, op. cit. supra n. 82,, t. IV, p. 1045."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR85","first-page":"1027","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"M. Unamuno de","year":"1958","unstructured":"Id.,, \u00abRenovaci\u00f3n\u00bb, dansEspa\u00f1a y los espa\u00f1oles 1 (1897\u20131919), inObras completas, op. cit. supra n. 82, , p. 1027."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR86","first-page":"286","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"Angel Ganivet","year":"1961","unstructured":"AngelGanivet,Idearium espa\u00f1ol, inObras completas, Madrid, Aguilar, 1961, I, p. 286\u2013289."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR87","first-page":"1131","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"Miguel Unamuno de","year":"1958","unstructured":"Op. cit. supra n. 82,, p. 1131."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR88","unstructured":"Ram\u00f3ndel Valle-Incl\u00e1n,Rosa de melancol\u00eda, in GustavoCorrea,Antolog\u00eda de la poes\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola 1900\u20131980, 2 vol., Madrid, Gredos, vol. I, p. 165."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR89","unstructured":"AntonioMachado,Soledades, in G. Correa,op. cit. supra n. 88,Antolog\u00eda de la poes\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola 1900\u20131980, 2 vol., Madrid, Gredos, vol. I, p. 128\u2013129: \u00abC\u2019est une apr\u00e8s-midi d\u2019automne grise et morne,\/d\u00e9cr\u00e9pite comme mon \u00e2me;\/et cette vieille angoisse\/ qui habite mon habituelle hypocondrie\/ [...].\/ Je vais ainsi, ivre, m\u00e9lancolique,\/ guitariste lunatique, po\u00e8te.\u00bb"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR90","first-page":"865","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"P. Baroja","year":"1951","unstructured":"P. Baroja,Sufrir y pensar, inop. cit. supra n. 79,, t. VIII, 1951, p. 865\u2013866."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR91","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"A. Ganivet","year":"1961","unstructured":"A. Ganivet,Granada la bella, inObras completas,op. cit. supra n. 86,, t. I, 1961, p. 96\u201399."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR92","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Antolog\u00eda de su prosa","author":"A. Machado","year":"1972","unstructured":"A. Machado,Antolog\u00eda de su prosa, 3e \u00e9d., Madrid, \u00c9d. Cuadernos para el Di\u00e1logo, 1972, vol. I, p. 103.","edition":"3e \u00e9d."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR93","first-page":"699","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"P. Baroja","year":"1951","unstructured":"P. Baroja,Ciudades de Italia, inop. cit. supra n. 79, t. VIII, 1951, p. 699\u2013798."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR94","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Antolog\u00eda de su prosa","author":"A. Machado","year":"1972","unstructured":"A. Machado,op. cit. supra n. 92, vol. I, p. 142.","edition":"3e \u00e9d."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR95","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9Hierro, \u00abCanto a Espa\u00f1a\u00bb, dansQuinta del 42, 1953,in G.Correa,op. cit. supra n. 88Antolog\u00eda de la poes\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola 1900\u20131980, 2 vol., Madrid, Gredos, vol. II, p. 328."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR96","unstructured":"LuisRosales,La Casa encendida, 1949,in G.Correa,op. cit. supra n. 88Antolog\u00eda de la poes\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola 1900\u20131980, 2 vol., Madrid, Gredos, vol. II, p. 87."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR97","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Ingleses, Franceses, Espa\u00f1oles. Ensayo de una psicolog\u00eda colectiva comparada","author":"Salvador Madariaga de","year":"1931","unstructured":"Salvadorde Madariaga,Ingleses, Franceses, Espa\u00f1oles. Ensayo de una psicolog\u00eda colectiva comparada, Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1931, p. 144."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR98","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Ingleses, Franceses, Espa\u00f1oles. Ensayo de una psicolog\u00eda colectiva comparada","author":"Salvador Madariaga de","year":"1931","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 66."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR99","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Ingleses, Espa\u00f1oles. Ensayo de una psicolog\u00eda colectiva comparada","author":"Salvador Madariaga de","year":"1931","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 296\u2013297."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR100","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Ingleses, Espa\u00f1oles. Ensayo de una psicolog\u00eda colectiva comparada","author":"Salvador Madariaga de","year":"1931","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 105."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR101","first-page":"180","volume-title":"El Espa\u00f1ol y su complejo de inferioridad","author":"Juan Jos\u00e9 L\u00f3pez Ibor","year":"1954","unstructured":"Juan Jos\u00e9L\u00f3pez Ibor,El Espa\u00f1ol y su complejo de inferioridad, Madrid, Rialp, 1954, p. 180."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR102","first-page":"827","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"P. Baroja","year":"1951","unstructured":"P. Baroja,Cuadros del Greco, inop. cit. supra n. 79,, t. VIII, 1951, p. 827."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR103","first-page":"127","volume-title":"El Espa\u00f1ol y su complejo de inferioridad","author":"J. J. L\u00f3pez Ibor","year":"1954","unstructured":"J. J. L\u00f3pez Ibor,op. cit. supra n. 101,, p. 127."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR104","first-page":"135","volume-title":"El Espa\u00f1ol y su complejo de inferioridad","author":"J. J. L\u00f3pez Ibor","year":"1954","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 135\u2013136."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR105","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Espa\u00f1a en su historia. Cristianos, moros, jud\u00edos","author":"Am\u00e9rico Castro","year":"1983","unstructured":"Am\u00e9ricoCastro,Espa\u00f1a en su historia. Cristianos, moros, jud\u00edos, Barcelone, Cr\u00edtica, 1983, p. 12."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR106","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Espa\u00f1a en su historia. Cristianos, moros, jud\u00edos","author":"Am\u00e9rico Castro","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 20\u201321 et 26, respectivement."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR107","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Espa\u00f1a en su historia. Cristianos, moros, jud\u00edos","author":"Am\u00e9rico Castro","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 21 et 26, respectivement."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR108","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Espa\u00f1a en su historia. Cristianos, moros, jud\u00edos","author":"Am\u00e9rico Castro","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 41."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR109","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Espa\u00f1a en su historia. Cristianos, moros, jud\u00edos","author":"Am\u00e9rico Castro","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ibid.,, p. 101 et 141, respectivement."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR110","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Tralado de las melancol\u00edas espa\u00f1olas","author":"Enrique Tierno Galv\u00e1n","year":"1975","unstructured":"EnriqueTierno Galv\u00e1n,Sobre la novela picaresca y otros escritos, cit\u00e9 par G.D\u00edaz Plaja,Tralado de las melancol\u00edas espa\u00f1olas, Madrid, Sala, 1975, p. 94."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR111","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Tralado de las melancol\u00edas espa\u00f1olas","author":"Guillermo D\u00edaz Plaja","year":"1975","unstructured":"GuillermoD\u00edaz Plaja,op. cit. supra n. 110,, p. 19\u201321."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR112","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"A. Ganivet","year":"1961","unstructured":"A. Ganivet,op. cit. supra n. 91 p. 94: \u00abTout ce qui est mystique est espagnol.\u00bb"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR113","unstructured":"L. Van Delft,art. cit. supra n. 6 \u00abLes \u201ccaract\u00e8res des nations\u201d \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge classique\u00bb, inTravaux de litt\u00e9rature offerts en hommage \u00e0 No\u00e9mi Hepp. publi\u00e9s par l\u2019ADIREL, III, 1990, p. 459."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR114","first-page":"219","volume":"LIII","author":"Rossew Saint Hilaire","year":"1938","unstructured":"RossewSaint Hilaire, \u00abL\u2019Espagne romaine et l\u2019Espagne arabe\u00bb,Revue de Paris, LIII, 1938, p. 219, cit\u00e9 parL.-F. Hoffmann,op. cit. supra n. 5Romantique Espagne. L\u2019image de l\u2019Espagne en France entre 1800 et 1850, Princeton, NJ\/Paris, Princeton U.P.\/Presses universitaires de France, 1961, p. 71.","journal-title":"Revue de Paris"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR115","first-page":"372","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"M. Unamuno de","year":"1896","unstructured":"M. de Unamuno,El Caballero de la Triste Figura, ensayo iconol\u00f3gico, 1896, inObras completas,op. cit. supra n. 82,, t. III, p. 372\u2013375. \u00abL\u2019\u00e2me d\u2019un peuple s\u2019impr\u00e8gne du h\u00e9ros \u00e0 venir avant que celui-ci n\u2019arrive \u00e0 la vie, elle le pressent comme la condensation d\u2019un esprit diffus et attend son av\u00e8nement [...]. Le h\u00e9ros n\u2019est rien d\u2019autre que l\u2019\u00e2me collective individualis\u00e9e [...]. De l\u2019\u00e2me castillane est n\u00e9 Don Quichotte, vivant comme elle.\u00bb VoirA. Ganivet,op. cit. supra n. 86Idearium espa\u00f1ol, inObras completas, Madrid, Aguilar, 1961, p. 303: \u00abTous les peuples ont un type r\u00e9el ou imaginaire qui incarne ses qualit\u00e9s [...]. Ulysse est le Grec par excellence [...]. Notre Ulysse est Don Quichotte.\u00bb"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR116","first-page":"377","volume-title":"Obras Completas","author":"M. Unamuno de","year":"1896","unstructured":"M. de Unamuno,op. cit. supra n. 115,, p. 377."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR117","unstructured":"Encore r\u00e9cemment,D. Plaja a consacr\u00e9 un chapitre de sonTratado de las melancol\u00edas espa\u00f1olas, op. cit. supra n. 110 Madrid, Sala, 1975, p. 94. \u00e0 \u00abLa m\u00e9lancolie de Cervant\u00e8s\u00bb."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR118","first-page":"1130","volume-title":"Obras Completas","author":"M. Unamuno De","year":"1958","unstructured":"M. De Unamuno,op. cit. supra n. 82,, p. 1130\u20131135."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR119","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Tratado de las melancol\u00edas espa\u00f1olas","author":"Eugenio d\u2019Ors","year":"1975","unstructured":"Eugeniod\u2019Ors,El Valle de Josafat, cit\u00e9 par D.Plaja,op. cit. supra n. 110, p. 220: \u00abLe secret de la m\u00e9lancolie intime et de la philosophie personnelle de Cervant\u00e8s ne se r\u00e9v\u00e8le pas avant la derni\u00e8re partie duQuichotte.\u00bb"},{"key":"BF03181268_CR120","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Obras completas","author":"M. Unamuno de","year":"1896","unstructured":"M. de Unamuno,op. cit. supra n. 115,, 1958, p. 385 et p. 377."},{"key":"BF03181268_CR121","unstructured":"L. Van Delft,art. cit. supra n. 6, \u00abLes \u201ccaract\u00e8res des nations\u201d \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge classique\u00bb, inTravaux de litt\u00e9rature offerts en hommage \u00e0 No\u00e9mi Hepp, publi\u00e9s par l\u2019ADIREL, III, 1990, p. 449."}],"container-title":["Revue de Synth\u00e8se"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF03181268.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/rds\/116\/1\/article-p99_5.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rds\/116\/1\/article-p99_5.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rds\/116\/1\/article-p99_5.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T07:15:52Z","timestamp":1738307752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/rds\/116\/1\/article-p99_5.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,28]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03181268","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-1776","1955-2343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-1776","type":"print"},{"value":"1955-2343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,28]]}}}