{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:19:26Z","timestamp":1783549166713,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,5,1]],"date-time":"1993-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":736214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf03348863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T10:54:31Z","timestamp":1396608871000},"page":"384-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Thyroid autoimmunity and female gender"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Chiovato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Lapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tonacchera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pinchera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF03348863_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-5-3-435","volume":"5","author":"CJ Grossman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Grossman C.J. Regulation of the immune system by sex steroids. Endocr. Rev. 5: 435, 1984.","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR2","first-page":"531","volume":"121","author":"A S Ansar","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ansar Ahmed S., Penhaie W.J., Talal N. Sex hormones, immune responses and autoimmune disease. Am. J.Pathol. 121: 531, 1985.","journal-title":"Am. J.Pathol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(05)80240-7","volume":"2","author":"RG Lahita","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lahita R.G. Sex hormones and the immune system-part 1. Human Data. Bailli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Rheumatol. 2: 1, 1990.","journal-title":"Bailli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR4","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Molecular autoimmunity","author":"RG Lahita","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lahita R.G. Sex hormones and the immune system. In: Talal N. (Ed.), Molecular autoimmunity. Academic Press, New York, 1991, p.385."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x","volume":"7","author":"WMG Tunbridge","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tunbridge W.M.G., Evered D., Hall R., Appleton D., Brewis M., Clark F., Grimley Evans J., Young E., Bird T., Smith P.A. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham Survey. Clin. Endocrinol. 7: 481, 1977.","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR6","first-page":"13","volume":"2","author":"A S Ansar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ansar Ahmed S., Talal N. Sex hormones and the immune system-part 2. Animal data. Bailli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Rheumatol. 2: 13, 1990.","journal-title":"Bailli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.1.143","volume":"136","author":"A S Ansar","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ansar Ahmed S., Young P.R., Penhaie W.J. Beneficial effect of testosterone in the treatment of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in rats. J. Immunol. 136: 143, 1986.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(81)90182-3","volume":"20","author":"I Okayasu","year":"1981","unstructured":"Okayasu I., Kong Y.M., Rose N.R. Effect of castration and sex hormones on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 20: 240, 1981.","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(86)90174-1","volume":"39","author":"WC Gause","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gause W.C., Marsh J.A. Effect of testosterone treatment for varying periods on autoimmune development and on specific infiltrating leukocyte populations in the thyroid gland of obese strain chickens. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 39: 464, 1986.","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(88)90081-9","volume":"1","author":"R Fassler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fassler R., Dietrich H., Kromer G., Bock G., Brezinschek H-P., Wick G. The role of testosterone in spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis of obese strain (OS) chickens. Autoimmunity 1: 97, 1988.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"BF03348863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-3-1352","volume":"128","author":"GT Erbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Erbach G.T., Bahr J.M. Enhancement of in vivo humoral immunity by estrogen: permissive effect of a thymic factor. Endocrinology 128: 1352, 1991.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BF03348863_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90616-8","volume":"38","author":"A Flynn","year":"1986","unstructured":"Flynn A. Expression of la and the production of interleukin-1 by peritoneal exudate macrophages activated in vivo by steroids. Life Sci. 38: 2455, 1986.","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(82)90439-7","volume":"73","author":"O Henriksen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Henriksen O., Frey J.R. Control of the expression of interleukin-2 activity. Cell. Immunol. 73: 106, 1982.","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.1989.2.205","volume":"2","author":"HI McFarland","year":"1989","unstructured":"McFarland H.I., Bigley N.J. Sex-dependent, early cytokine production by NK-like spleen cells following infection with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV-D). Viral Immunol. 2: 205, 1989.","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR15","first-page":"323","volume":"7","author":"N Sarvetnick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sarvetnick N., Fox H.S. Interferon-gamma and the sexual dimorphism of autoimmunity. Mol. Biol. Med. 7: 323, 1990.","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.12.4362","volume":"146","author":"HS Fox","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fox H.S., Bond B.L., Parlow T.G. Estrogen regulates the IFN-y promoter. J. Immunol. 146: 4362, 1991.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR17","first-page":"975","volume":"106","author":"RS Money","year":"1989","unstructured":"Money R.S., Muss W., Thelmo W.L., Boeckl O., Pimpl W., Kaindl H., Sungler P., Kirwin J., Waclawicek H., Jaffe B.M., Pertshuk L.P. Immunocytochemical localization of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human thyroid. Surgery 106: 975, 1989.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"BF03348863_CR18","first-page":"47","volume":"76","author":"L Chiovato","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chiovato L., Vitti P., Cucchi P., Mammoli C., Carayon P., Pinchera A. The expression of the microsomal antigen in human thyroid cells is thyrotropin-dependent. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 76: 47, 1989.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(05)80242-0","volume":"2","author":"R M Pope","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pope R. M. Immunoregulatory mechanism present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy. Bailli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Rheumatol. 2: 33, 1990.","journal-title":"Bailli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199103000-00005","volume":"34","author":"BB Feinberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Feinberg B.B., Gonik B. General precepts of the immunology of pregnancy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 34: 3, 1991.","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5973-9_8","volume-title":"Advances in perinatal thyroidology","author":"N Amino","year":"1991","unstructured":"Amino N. Postpartum thyroid disease. In: Bercu B.B., Shulman D.I. (Eds.), Advances in perinatal thyroidology. Plenum Press, New York, 1991, p. 167."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR22","first-page":"80","volume":"63","author":"R Jansson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jansson R., Thompson P.M., Clark F., McLachlan S.M. Association between thyroid microsomal antibodies of subclass IgG-1 and hypothyroidism in autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 63: 80, 1986.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1990.tb02259.x","volume":"20","author":"AP Weetman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weetman A.P., Fung H.Y.M., Richards C.J., McGregor M. IgG subclass distribution and relative functional affinity of thyroid microsomal antibodies in postpartum thyroiditis. Eur. J. Clin. Inv. 20: 133, 1990.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Inv."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-2-324","volume":"65","author":"H Tamaki","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tamaki H., Amino N., Aozasa M., Mori M., Tanizawa O., Miyai K. Serial changes in thyroid-stimulating antibody and thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin at the time of postpartum occurrence of thyrotoxicosis in Graves\u2019 disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65: 324, 1987.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-5-1089","volume":"66","author":"CC Hayslip","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hayslip C.C., Baker J.R., Wartofsky L., Klein T.A., Opsahl M.S., Burman K.D. Natural killer cell activity and serum autoantibodies in women with postpartum thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 1089, 1988.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208053070606","volume":"307","author":"V Sridama","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sridama V., Pacini F., Yang S-L., Moawad A., Reilly M., De Groot L.J. Decreased levels of helper T cells. A possible cause of immunodeficiency in pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 307: 352, 1982.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1140218","volume":"114","author":"A Bizzarro","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bizzarro A., Fontana A., De Bellis A., Daponte A., Lacono G., Peluso G. T-lymphocyte subsets in pregnant women with Graves\u2019 disease. Acta Endocrinol. 114: 218, 1987.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR28","first-page":"645","volume":"74","author":"A Stagnaro-Green","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stagnaro-Green A., Roman S.H., Cobin R.H., El-Harazy E., Wallenstein S., Davies T.F. A prospective study of lymphocyte-initiated immunosuppression in normal pregnancy: evidence of a T-cell etiology for postpartum thyroid dysfunction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74: 645, 1992.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR29","first-page":"564","volume":"59","author":"RM Scott","year":"1985","unstructured":"Scott R.M., How J., Gerrie L.M., Khir A.S.M., Bewsher P.D., H\u00f6rne C.H.W., Thomson A.W. Serum levels of pregnancy (\u03b12-glycoprotein (\u03b12- PAG) during pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid disease: relationship to disease activity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 59: 564, 1985.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR30","first-page":"3","volume":"74","author":"E Roti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Roti E., Emerson C. Clinical review 29 \u2014 Postpartum thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74: 3, 1992.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(88)80056-9","volume":"2","author":"R Jansson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jansson R., Dahlberg P.A., Karlsson F.A. Postpartum thyroiditis. Balli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 2: 619, 1988.","journal-title":"Balli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390190063008","volume":"50","author":"HC Gerstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gerstein H.C. How common is postpartum thyroiditis? A m\u00e9thodologic overview of the literature. Arch. Intern. Med. 50: 1397, 1990.","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-4-1014","volume":"70","author":"O Kampe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kampe O., Jansson R., Karlsson F.A. Effects of L-thyroxine and iodide on the development of autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70: 1014, 1990.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-327","volume":"67","author":"MT Vargas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vargas M.T., Briones-Urbina R., Gladman D., Papsin F.R., Walfish P.G. Antithyroid microsomal autoantibodies and HLA-DR5 are associated with postpartum thyroid dysfunction: evidence supporting an autoimmune pathogenesis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 67: 327, 1988.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-3-480","volume":"66","author":"J Tachi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tachi J., Amino N., Tamaki H., Aozasa M., Iwatani Y., Miyai K. Long term follow-up and HLA association in patients with postpartum hypothyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 480, 1988.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00898.x","volume":"32","author":"S Othman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Othman S., Phillips D.I.W., Parkes A.B., Richards J.C., Harris B., Fung H., Darke C., John R., Hall R., Lazarus J.H. Long-term follow-up of postpartum thyroiditis. Clin. Endocrinol. 32: 559, 1990.","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30475-8","volume":"75","author":"GP Becks","year":"1991","unstructured":"Becks G.P., Burrow G.N. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Med. Clin. North Am. 75: 121, 1991.","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-2-421","volume":"73","author":"D Glinoer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Glinoer D., Fernandez Soto M., Bourdoux P., Lejeune B., Delange F., Lemone M., Kinthaert J., Robin C., Grun J-P., De Nayer P. Pregnancy in patients with mild thyroid abnormalities: maternal and neonatal repercussions. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 421, 1991.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR39","first-page":"91","volume":"19","author":"L Chiovato","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chiovato L., Tonacchera M., Lapi P., Fiore E., Vitti P., Pinchera A. Thyroid autoimmunity and neuropsychological development. Acta Med. Aust. 19: 91, 1992.","journal-title":"Acta Med. Aust."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7580-7_11","volume-title":"Research in congenital hypothyroidism","author":"L Chiovato","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chiovato L., Giusti F.L., Santini F., Bassi P., Vitti P., Marcocci C., Tonacchera M., Ciampi M., Fenzi G.F., Pinchera A. Incidence and functional effect of thyroid autoantibodies in newborns recalled for suspected congenital hypothyroidism during a screening program. In: Delange F., Fisher D.A., Glinoer D. (Eds.), Research in congenital hypothyroidism. Plenum Press, New York, 1989, p. 141."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91028-1","volume":"1","author":"RD Gaag Van Der","year":"1985","unstructured":"Van Der Gaag R.D., Drexhage H.A., Dussault J.H. Role of maternal immunoglobulins blocking TSH-induced thyroid growth in sporadic form of congenital hypothyroidism. Lancet 1: 246, 1985.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF03348863_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7580-7_9","volume-title":"Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism","author":"SC Boyages","year":"1989","unstructured":"Boyages S.C., Lens J.W., van der Gaag R.D., Maberly G.F., Eastman C.J., Drexhage H.A. Sporadic and endemic congenital hypothyroidism: evidence for autosensitization. In: Delange F., Fisher D.A., Glinoer D. (Eds.), Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism. Plenum Press, New York, 1989, p. 123."},{"key":"BF03348863_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90654-5","volume":"2","author":"SC Boyages","year":"1989","unstructured":"Boyages S.C., Halpern J.P., Maberly G.F., Creswell J.E., Chen J., ZhenHua W., van der Gaag R.D., Drexhage H.A. Endemic cretinism: possible role for thyroid autoimmunity. Lancet 2: 529, 1989.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF03348863_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-3-671","volume":"68","author":"U Bogner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bogner U., Gruters A., Sigle B., Helge H., Schleusener H. Cytotoxic antibodies in congenital hypothyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68: 671, 1989.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF03348863.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF03348863\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF03348863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T20:07:49Z","timestamp":1689106069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF03348863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BF03348863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03348863","relation":{},"ISSN":["0391-4097","1720-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0391-4097","type":"print"},{"value":"1720-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]}}}