{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:31:32Z","timestamp":1778801492334,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0521-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T04:26:53Z","timestamp":1534912013000},"page":"69-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Systemic Treatment for Severe Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Mara","family":"Giavina-Bianchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1034-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Giavina-Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12400","volume":"44","author":"JP Arm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arm JP, Bottoli I, Skerjanec A et al (2014) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of QGE031 (ligelizumab), a novel high-affinity anti-IgE antibody, in atopic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 44:1371\u20131385","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220500200171","volume":"27","author":"M Balal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balal M, Demir E, Paydas S et al (2005) Uncommon side effect of MMF in renal transplant recipients. Ren Fail 27:591\u2013594","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"521_CR3","first-page":"202","volume":"5","author":"SK Bantz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bantz SK, Zhu Z, Zheng T (2014) The atopic March: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. J Clin Cell Immunol 5:202","journal-title":"J Clin Cell Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02755.x","volume":"67","author":"AA Benson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benson AA, Toh JA, Vernon N et al (2012) The role of vitamin D in the immunopathogenesis of allergic skin diseases. Allergy 67:296\u2013301","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04989.x","volume":"147","author":"J Berth-Jones","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berth-Jones J, Takwale A, Tan E et al (2002) Azathioprine in severe adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Br J Dermatol 147:324\u2013330","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra074081","volume":"358","author":"T Bieber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bieber T (2008) Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 358:1483\u20131494","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"521_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511003400","volume":"107","author":"K Doege","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doege K, Grajecki D, Zyriax BC et al (2012) Impact of maternal supplementation with probiotics during pregnancy on atopic eczema in childhood\u2014a meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 107:1\u20136","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.009","volume":"139","author":"LF Eichenfield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eichenfield LF, Ahluwalia J, Waldman A et al (2017) Current guidelines for the evaluation and management of atopic dermatitis: a comparison of the Joint Task Force Practice Parameter and American Academy of Dermatology guidelines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 139:S49\u2013S57","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1893-3","volume":"172","author":"MA El-Khalawany","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Khalawany MA, Hassan H, Shaaban D et al (2013) Methotrexate versus cyclosporine in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in children: a multicenter experience from Egypt. Eur J Pediatr 172:351\u2013356","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"521_CR10","first-page":"105","volume":"8","author":"L Fala","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fala L (2015) Otezla (Apremilast), an oral PDE-4 inhibitor, receives FDA approval for the treatment of patients with active psoriatic arthritis and plaque psoriasis. Am Health Drug Benefits 8:105\u2013110","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.05.003","volume":"105","author":"MC Fern\u00e1ndez-Ant\u00f3n Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ant\u00f3n Mart\u00ednez MC, Alfageme Rold\u00e1n F, Ciudad Blanco C et al (2014) Ustekinumab in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis: a preliminary report of our experience with 4 patients. Actas Dermosifiliogr 105:312\u2013313","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12270","volume":"69","author":"C Flohr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flohr C, Mann J (2014) New insights into the epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy 69:3\u201316","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12112","volume":"68","author":"D Garmhausen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garmhausen D, Hagemann T, Bieber T et al (2013) Characterization of different courses of atopic dermatitis in adolescent and adult patients. Allergy 68:498\u2013506","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475416670364","volume":"21","author":"M Gooderham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gooderham M, Lynde CW, Papp K et al (2017) Review of systemic treatment options for adult atopic dermatitis. J Cutan Med Surg 21:31\u201339","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"521_CR15","first-page":"155","volume":"16","author":"C Goujon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goujon C, B\u00e9rard F, Dahel K et al (2006) Methotrexate for the treatment of adult atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 16:155\u2013158","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09522.x","volume":"162","author":"M Grahovac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grahovac M, Molin S, Prinz JC et al (2010) Treatment of atopic eczema with oral alitretinoin. Br J Dermatol 162:217\u2013218","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR17","first-page":"870","volume":"137","author":"M Grundmann-Kollmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grundmann-Kollmann M, Podda M, Ochsendorf F et al (2001) Mycophenolate mofetil is effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 137:870\u2013873","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.04.027","volume":"64","author":"IM Haeck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haeck IM, Knol MJ, Ten Berge O et al (2011) Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus cyclosporin A as long-term treatment in adult patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 64:1074\u20131084","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.013","volume":"134","author":"JD Hamilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamilton JD, Su\u00e1rez-Fari\u00f1as M, Dhingra N et al (2014) Dupilumab improves the molecular signature in skin of patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 134:1293\u20131300","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2007.06034","volume":"18","author":"JM Hanifin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hanifin JM, Reed ML (2007) A population-based survey of eczema prevalence in the United States. Dermatitis 18:82\u201391","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12176","volume":"28","author":"TR Hata","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hata TR, Audish D, Kotol P et al (2014) A randomized controlled double-blind investigation of the effects of vitamin D dietary supplementation in subjects with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 28:781\u2013789","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07947.x","volume":"157","author":"M Heller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heller M, Shin HT, Orlow SJ et al (2007) Mycophenolate mofetil for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: experience in 14 patients. Br J Dermatol 157:127\u2013132","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta4370","volume":"4","author":"C Hoare","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H (2000) Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technol Assess 4:1\u2013191","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"521_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12234","volume":"69","author":"M Hotze","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hotze M, Baurecht H, Rodr\u00edguez E et al (2014) Increased efficacy of omalizumab in atopic dermatitis patients with wild-type filaggrin status and higher serum levels of phosphatidylcholines. Allergy 69:132\u2013135","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.04.031","volume":"120","author":"MD Howell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P et al (2007) Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120:150\u2013155","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16717","author":"AD Irvine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Irvine AD, Jones AP, Beattie P et al (2018) A randomised controlled trial protocol assessing the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of methotrexate versus ciclosporin in the treatment of severe atopic eczema in children: the treatment of severe Atopic eczema Trial (TREAT). Br J Dermatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.16717","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000350486","volume":"162","author":"SR Iyengar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iyengar SR, Hoyte EG, Loza A et al (2013) Immunologic effects of omalizumab in children with severe refractory atopic dermatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 162:89\u201393","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903578566","volume":"22","author":"MH Javanbakht","year":"2011","unstructured":"Javanbakht MH, Keshavarz SA, Djalali M et al (2011) Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Treat 22:144\u2013150","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"521_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03737.x","volume":"25","author":"A Katsarou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katsarou A, Armenaka M (2011) Atopic dermatitis in older patients: particular points. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25:12\u201318","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70004-4","volume":"30","author":"J Kay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kay J, Gawkrodger DJ, Mortimer MJ et al (1994) The prevalence of childhood atopic eczema in a general population. J Am Acad Dermatol 30:35\u201339","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.035","volume":"145","author":"N Khan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khan N, Abbas AM, Lichtenstein GR et al (2013) Risk of lymphoma in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with thiopurines: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 145:1007\u20131015.e3","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2012.04438.x","volume":"38","author":"DH Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim DH, Park KY, Kim BJ et al (2013) Anti-immunoglobulin E in the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 38:496\u2013500","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2015.27.5.578","volume":"27","author":"JE Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim JE, Kim HJ, Lew BJ et al (2015) Consensus guidelines for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in Korea (Part II): systemic treatment. Ann Dermatol 27:578\u2013592","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"521_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.106357","volume":"47","author":"B Kirby","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kirby B, Owen CM, Blewitt RW et al (2002) Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma developing in a patient on cyclosporin therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 47(2 Suppl):S165\u2013S167","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.12.1522","volume":"135","author":"PA Klein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klein PA, Clark RA (1999) An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 135:1522\u20131525","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06548.x","volume":"152","author":"S Laube","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laube S, Stephens M, Smith AG et al (2005) Lymphomatoid papulosis in a patient with atopic eczema on long-term ciclosporin therapy. Br J Dermatol 152:1346\u20131348","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21060","volume":"113","author":"DY Leung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD et al (2004) New insights into atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 113:651\u2013657","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"521_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.06.045","volume":"73","author":"LL Levy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levy LL, Urban J, King BA (2015) Treatment of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis with the oral Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib citrate. J Am Acad Dermatol 73:395\u2013399","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03351.x","volume":"24","author":"A Lyakhovitsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lyakhovitsky A, Barzilai A, Heyman R et al (2010) Low-dose methotrexate treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 24:43\u201349","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68340-2","volume":"367","author":"SJ Meggitt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meggitt SJ, Gray JC, Reynolds NJ (2006) Azathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate-to-severe atopic eczema: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 367:839\u2013846","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"521_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-016-0170-1","volume":"7","author":"M Megna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Megna M, Napolitano M, Patruno C et al (2017) Systemic treatment of adult atopic dermatitis: a review. Dermatol Ther 7:1\u201323","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"521_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000451083","volume":"171","author":"AS Moreno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moreno AS, McPhee R, Arruda LK et al (2016) Targeting the T helper 2 inflammatory axis in atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 171:71\u201380","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.02.007","volume":"58","author":"DK Moul","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moul DK, Routhouska SB, Robinson MR et al (2008) Alefacept for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a pilot study in adults. J Am Acad Dermatol 58:984\u2013989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2012.01850.x","volume":"30","author":"K Mutgi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mutgi K, Koo J (2013) Update on the role of systemic vitamin D in atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 30:303\u2013307","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR45","first-page":"403","volume":"151","author":"M Napolitano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Napolitano M, Megna M, Patruno C et al (2016) Adult atopic dermatitis: a review. Dermatol Venereol 151:403\u2013411","journal-title":"Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000074","volume":"25","author":"RH Nguyen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nguyen RH, Cruz PD Jr (2014) Hepatitis due to mycophenolate mofetil used to treat atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatitis 25:284\u2013285","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"521_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-015-0150-4","volume":"17","author":"ER Notaro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Notaro ER, Sidbury R (2015) Systemic agents for severe atopic dermatitis in children. Paediatr Drugs 17:449\u2013457","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"521_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2005.00791.x","volume":"60","author":"JM Oldhoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oldhoff JM, Darsow U, Werfel T et al (2005) Anti-IL-5 recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody (mepolizumab) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 60:693\u2013696","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31824d5da2","volume":"23","author":"C Pelucchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pelucchi C, Chatenoud L, Turati F et al (2012) Probiotics supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Epidemiology 23:402\u2013414","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"521_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.050","volume":"141","author":"L Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peyrin-Biroulet L, Khosrotehrani K, Carrat F et al (2011) Increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancers in patients who receive thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 141:1621\u20131628 (e1\u20135)","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"521_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13961","volume":"174","author":"K Politiek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Politiek K, van der Schaft J, Coenraads PJ et al (2016) Drug survival for methotrexate in a daily practice cohort of adult patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 174:201\u2013203","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05195.x","volume":"51","author":"R Puya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Puya R, Alvarez-L\u00f3pez M, Velez A et al (2012) Treatment of severe refractory adult atopic dermatitis with ustekinumab. Int J Dermatol 51:115\u2013116","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04636.x","volume":"26","author":"J Ring","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ring J, Alomar A, Bieber T et al (2012) Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part II. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 26:1176\u20131193","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.07.049","volume":"133","author":"E Roekevisch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roekevisch E, Spuls PI, Kuester D et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133:429\u2013438","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08487.x","volume":"158","author":"T Ruzicka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 158:808\u2013817","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13392","volume":"43","author":"H Saeki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saeki H, Nakahara T, Tanaka A et al (2016) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of atopic dermatitis 2016. J Dermatol 43:1117\u20131145","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15493","volume":"177","author":"H Saeki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saeki H, Kabashima K, Tokura Y et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in Japanese patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Br J Dermatol 177:419\u2013427","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12918","volume":"30","author":"LP Samorano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samorano LP, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL et al (2016) Inadequate response to ustekinumab in atopic dermatitis\u2014a report of two patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 30:522\u2013523","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2012.812","volume":"148","author":"A Samrao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samrao A, Berry TM, Goreshi R et al (2012) A pilot study of an oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor (apremilast) for atopic dermatitis in adults. Arch Dermatol 148:890\u2013897","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2012.03.008","volume":"104","author":"J S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez J, Daud\u00e9n-Tello E, Mora AM et al (2013) Impact of atopic dermatitis on health-related quality of life in Spanish children and adults: the PSEDA study. Actas Dermosifiliogr 104:44\u201352","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"521_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.02023.x","volume":"21","author":"J Schmitt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmitt J, Schmitt N, Meurer M (2007) Cyclosporin in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21:606\u2013619","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09561.x","volume":"162","author":"J Schmitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmitt J, Sch\u00e4kel K, F\u00f6lster-Holst R et al (2010) Prednisolone vs. ciclosporin for severe adult eczema. An investigator-initiated double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 162:661\u2013668","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.03.024","volume":"128","author":"ME Schram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schram ME, Roekevisch E, Leeflang MM et al (2011) A randomized trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine for severe atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128:353\u2013359","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.03.007","volume":"121","author":"A Sediv\u00e1","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sediv\u00e1 A, Kayserov\u00e1 J, Vernerov\u00e1 E et al (2008) Anti-CD20 (rituximab) treatment for atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:1515\u20131516","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.251","volume":"131","author":"TE Shaw","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shaw TE, Currie GP, Koudelka CW et al (2011) Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health. J Invest Dermatol 131:67\u201373","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0287-8","volume":"33","author":"E Sheldon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheldon E, Schwickart M, Li J et al (2016) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of MEDI4212, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, in subjects with atopy: a phase I study. Adv Ther 33:225\u2013251","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"521_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.030","volume":"71","author":"R Sidbury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sidbury R, Davis DM, Cohen DE et al (2014a) Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Sect. 3. Management and treatment with phototherapy and systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 71:327\u2013349","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.08.038","volume":"71","author":"R Sidbury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sidbury R, Tom WL, Bergman JN (2014b) Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Sect. 4. Prevention of disease flares and use of adjunctive therapies and approaches. J Am Acad Dermatol 71:1218\u20131233","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.031","volume":"132","author":"JI Silverberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silverberg JI, Hanifin JM (2013) Adult eczema prevalence and associations with asthma and other health and demographic factors: a US population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 132:1132\u20131138","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12339","volume":"69","author":"D Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon D, Bieber T (2014) Systemic therapy for atopic dermatitis. Allergy 69:46\u201355","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.016","volume":"121","author":"D Simon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simon D, H\u00f6sli S, Kostylina G et al (2008) Anti-CD20 (rituximab) treatment improves atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:122\u2013128","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.10.043","volume":"74","author":"EL Simpson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simpson EL, Bieber T, Eckert L et al (2016) Patient burden of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD): insights from a phase 2b clinical trial of dupilumab in adults. J Am Acad Dermatol 74:491\u2013498","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1700366","volume":"376","author":"EL Simpson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simpson EL, Akinlade B, Ardenalu M (2017) Two phase 3 trials of dupilumab versus placebo in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 376:1090\u20131091","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"521_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550410025967","volume":"84","author":"A Sinha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sinha A, Velangi S, Natarajan S (2004) Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma following treatment of atopic eczema with cyclosporin A. Acta Derm Venereol 84:327\u2013328","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.1.2.203","volume":"1","author":"HW Sollinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sollinger HW (2005) Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium\u2014current and future use in transplant patients. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 1:203\u2013211","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","volume":"3","author":"V Soumelis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soumelis V, Reche PA, Kanzler H et al (2002) Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol 3:673\u2013680","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"521_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5669","volume":"103","author":"JM Spergel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spergel JM, Mizoguchi E, Oettgen H et al (1999) Roles of TH1 and TH2 cytokines in a murine model of allergic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 103:1103\u20131111","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"521_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2125","volume":"95","author":"J Schaft Van der","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van der Schaft J, van Zuilen AD, Deinum J et al (2015) Serum creatinine levels during and after long-term treatment with cyclosporine A in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 95:963\u2013967","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR79","first-page":"341","volume":"11","author":"EM Volf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Volf EM, Au SC, Dumont N et al (2012) A phase 2, open-label, investigator-initiated study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of apremilast in subjects with recalcitrant allergic contact or atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol 11:341\u2013346","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03241.x","volume":"39","author":"YH Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang YH, Liu YJ (2009) Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, OX40-ligand, and interleukin-25 in allergic responses. Clin Exp Allergy 39:798\u2013806","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01488.x","volume":"28","author":"WT Waxweiler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waxweiler WT, Agans R, Morrell DS (2011) Systemic treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil. Pediatr Dermatol 28:689\u2013694","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07686.x","volume":"156","author":"SC Weatherhead","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weatherhead SC, Wahie S, Reynolds NJ et al (2007) An open-label, dose-ranging study of methotrexate for moderate-to-severe adult atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 156:346\u2013351","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"521_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00149-X","volume":"387","author":"S Weidinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weidinger S, Novak N (2016) Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 387:1109\u20131122","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"521_CR84","first-page":"S1","volume":"7","author":"T Werfel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Werfel T, Aberer W, Augustin M et al (2009) [Atopic dermatitis: S2 guidelines]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 7(Suppl 1):S1\u2013S46","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"521_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.08.057","volume":"155","author":"SR Wilson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson SR, Th\u00e9 L, Batia LM et al (2013) The epithelial cell-derived atopic dermatitis cytokine TSLP activates neurons to induce itch. Cell 155:285\u2013295","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"521_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01803.x","volume":"64","author":"A Wollenberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wollenberg A, Bieber T (2009) Proactive therapy of atopic dermatitis\u2014an emerging concept. Allergy 64:276\u2013278","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"521_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13599","volume":"30","author":"A Wollenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wollenberg A, Oranje A, Deleuran M et al (2016) ETFAD\/EADV Eczema task force 2015 position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult and paediatric patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 30:729\u2013747","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"521_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14888","volume":"32","author":"A Wollenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wollenberg A, Barbarot S, Bieber T et al (2018) Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part II. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 32:850\u2013878","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"}],"container-title":["Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00005-018-0521-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00005-018-0521-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00005-018-0521-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T12:43:44Z","timestamp":1720529024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00005-018-0521-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00005-018-0521-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-069X","1661-4917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-069X","type":"print"},{"value":"1661-4917","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}