{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:01:40Z","timestamp":1793674900914,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10-11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflamm. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although CD20 is classically a <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> cell marker, in the last three decades, dim expression has been noted on a subset of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> cells as well that has been independently verified by a number of groups. Our understanding of these cells and their function is not well established.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A thorough review of original articles on CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> cells was undertaken of Pubmed by using combination of phrases including \u201cCD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u201d, \u201cCD20-positive\u201d and \u201cT cells\u201d. Articles in English were considered, and there was no time restriction.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> cells express the standard T cell markers and, in comparison to CD20\u00af T cells, appear to express greater inflammatory cytokines and markers of effector function. Although the ontogeny of these cells is still being established, the current theory is that CD20 may be acquired by trogocytosis from <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> cells. CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> cells may be found in healthy controls and in a wide range of pathologies including autoimmune diseases, haematological and non-haematological malignancies and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. One of the best studied diseases where these cells are found is multiple sclerosis (MS) where a number of therapeutic interventions, including anti-CD20 depletion, have been shown to effectively deplete these cells. <\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This review summarises the latest understanding of CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> cells, their presence in various diseases, their putative function and how they may be an ongoing target of CD20-depleting agents. Unfortunately, our understanding of these cells is still at its infancy and ongoing study in a wider range of pathologies is required.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01622-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T11:07:04Z","timestamp":1660216024000},"page":"1181-1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["CD20+ T cells: an emerging T cell subset in human pathology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Adrian Y. S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.243543","volume":"105","author":"G Pavlasova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pavlasova G, Mraz M. The regulation and function of CD20: an \u201cenigma\u201d of B-cell biology and targeted therapy. Haematologica. 2020;105(6):1494\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2019.243543.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"19","key":"1622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19893","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400525200","volume":"279","author":"H Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li H, Ayer LM, Polyak MJ, Mutch CM, Petrie RJ, Gauthier L, et al. The CD20 calcium channel is localized to microvilli and constitutively associated with membrane rafts: antibody binding increases the affinity of the association through an epitope-dependent cross-linking-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(19):19893\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M400525200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.020","volume":"129","author":"AA van de Ven","year":"2012","unstructured":"van de Ven AA, Compeer EB, Bloem AC, van de Corput L, van Gijn M, van Montfrans JM, et al. Defective calcium signaling and disrupted CD20-B-cell receptor dissociation in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(3):755-61.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.020.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990140212","volume":"14","author":"LE Hultin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hultin LE, Hausner MA, Hultin PM, Giorgi JV. CD20 (pan-B cell) antigen is expressed at a low level on a subpopulation of human T lymphocytes. Cytometry. 1993;14(2):196\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.990140212.","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00007-0","volume":"11","author":"M Vlaming","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vlaming M, Bilemjian V, Freile J\u00c1, Lourens HJ, van Rooij N, Huls G, et al. CD20 positive CD8 T cells are a unique and transcriptionally-distinct subset of T cells with distinct transmigration properties. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-00007-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2014.999536","author":"M de Bruyn","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Bruyn M, Wiersma VR, Wouters MCA, Samplonius DF, Klip HG, Helfrich W, et al. CD20+ T cells have a predominantly Tc1 effector memory phenotype and are expanded in the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2162402X.2014.999536.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24998","volume":"60","author":"E Wilk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilk E, Witte T, Marquardt N, Horvath T, Kalippke K, Scholz K, et al. Depletion of functionally active CD20+ T cells by rituximab treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(12):3563\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.24998.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/106.1.78","volume":"106","author":"KM Algino","year":"1996","unstructured":"Algino KM, Thomason RW, King DE, Montiel MM, Craig FE. CD20 (pan-B cell antigen) expression on bone marrow-derived T cells. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;106(1):78\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/106.1.78.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27527","volume":"62","author":"C Henry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henry C, Ramadan A, Montcuquet N, Pallandre J-R, Mercier-Letondal P, Deschamps M, et al. CD3+CD20+ cells may be an artifact of flow cytometry: comment on the article by Wilk et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(8):2561\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.27527.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600089","volume":"197","author":"E Schuh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schuh E, Berer K, Mulazzani M, Feil K, Meinl I, Lahm H, et al. Features of human CD3+CD20+ T cells. J Immunol. 2016;197(4):1111\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1600089.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11556-4","volume":"10","author":"C Serra-Peinado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Serra-Peinado C, Grau-Exp\u00f3sito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Astorga-Gamaza A, Navarro J, Gallego-Rodriguez J, et al. Expression of CD20 after viral reactivation renders HIV-reservoir cells susceptible to Rituximab. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11556-4.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400118","volume":"193","author":"A Palanichamy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palanichamy A, Jahn S, Nickles D, Derstine M, Abounasr A, Hauser SL, et al. Rituximab efficiently depletes increased CD20-expressing T cells in multiple sclerosis patients. J Immunol. 2014;193(2):580\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1400118.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1097\/dad.0000000000000323","volume":"37","author":"KA Salva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salva KA, Bennett D, Longley J, Guitart J, Wood GS. Multispectral imaging approach to the diagnosis of a CD20+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder: a case report. Am J Dermatopathol. 2015;37(10):e116\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/dad.0000000000000323.","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01096.x","volume":"40","author":"Y Murayama","year":"1996","unstructured":"Murayama Y, Mukai R, Sata T, Matsunaga S, Noguchi A, Yoshikawa Y. Transient expression of CD20 antigen (pan B cell marker) in activated lymph node T cells. Microbiol Immunol. 1996;40(6):467\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01096.x.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"1622_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi4632","author":"J Ochs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ochs J, Nissimov N, Torke S, Freier M, Grondey K, Koch J, et al. Proinflammatory CD20(+) T cells contribute to CNS-directed autoimmunity. Sci Transl Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi4632.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R208","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3541","volume":"13","author":"P Eggleton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eggleton P, Bremer E, Tarr JM, de Bruyn M, Helfrich W, Kendall A, et al. Frequency of Th17 CD20+ cells in the peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients is higher compared to healthy subjects. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(6):R208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar3541.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"1622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26216","volume":"90","author":"C Quendt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quendt C, Ochs J, H\u00e4usser-Kinzel S, H\u00e4usler D, Weber MS. Proinflammatory CD20(+) T cells are differentially affected by multiple sclerosis therapeutics. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(5):834\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26216.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13106","volume":"192","author":"J Niu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niu J, Zhai Z, Hao F, Zhang Y, Song Z, Zhong H. Dissection of a circulating CD3(+) CD20(+) T cell subpopulation in patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018;192(2):206\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.13106.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048665","volume":"51","author":"C-C Hsiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsiao C-C, Fransen NL, van den Bosch AMR, Brandwijk KIM, Huitinga I, Hamann J, et al. White matter lesions in multiple sclerosis are enriched for CD20dim CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(2):483\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.202048665.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy301","volume":"142","author":"MR von Essen","year":"2018","unstructured":"von Essen MR, Ammitzb\u00f8ll C, Hansen RH, Petersen ERS, McWilliam O, Marquart HV, et al. Proinflammatory CD20+ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2018;142(1):120\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awy301.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103013","volume":"52","author":"VO Boldrini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boldrini VO, Quintiliano RPS, Silva LS, Damasceno A, Santos LMB, Farias AS. Cytotoxic profile of CD3+CD20+ T cells in progressive multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2021;52: 103013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103013.","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis and related disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"1622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.06.001","volume":"3","author":"JE Holley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holley JE, Bremer E, Kendall AC, de Bruyn M, Helfrich W, Tarr JM, et al. CD20+inflammatory T-cells are present in blood and brain of multiple sclerosis patients and can be selectively targeted for apoptotic elimination. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2014;3(5):650\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2014.06.001.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"51","key":"1622_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915309116","volume":"116","author":"JJ Sabatino Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabatino JJ Jr, Wilson MR, Calabresi PA, Hauser SL, Schneck JP, Zamvil SS. Anti-CD20 therapy depletes activated myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(51):25800\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1915309116.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","volume":"376","author":"X Montalban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(3):209\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.06.029","volume":"180","author":"AH Cross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cross AH, Stark JL, Lauber J, Ramsbottom MJ, Lyons JA. Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;180(1\u20132):63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.06.029.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1622_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102802","volume":"49","author":"N Capasso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Capasso N, Nozzolillo A, Scalia G, Lanzillo R, Carotenuto A, De Angelis M, et al. Ocrelizumab depletes T-lymphocytes more than rituximab in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;49: 102802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102802.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1622_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8010012","author":"S Gingele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gingele S, Jacobus TL, Konen FF, H\u00fcmmert MW, S\u00fchs KW, Schwenkenbecher P, et al. Ocrelizumab depletes CD20+ T cells in multiple sclerosis patients. Cells. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8010012.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"14","key":"1622_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211003301","volume":"27","author":"Q Howlett-Prieto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howlett-Prieto Q, Feng X, Kramer JF, Kramer KJ, Houston TW, Reder AT. Anti-CD20 therapy corrects a CD8 regulatory T cell deficit in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2021;27(14):2170\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585211003301.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR29","first-page":"387","volume":"38","author":"D Giannini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giannini D, Antonucci M, Petrelli F, Bilia S, Alunno A, Puxeddu I. One year in review 2020: pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(3):387\u201397.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1622_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-04996-7","volume":"39","author":"L Bergantini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bergantini L, d\u2019Alessandro M, Cameli P, Vietri L, Vagaggini C, Perrone A, et al. Effects of rituximab therapy on B cell differentiation and depletion. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(5):1415\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-020-04996-7.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30314","volume":"63","author":"FL van de Veerdonk","year":"2011","unstructured":"van de Veerdonk FL, Lauwerys B, Marijnissen RJ, Timmermans K, Di Padova F, Koenders MI, et al. The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab reduces the Th17 cell response. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(6):1507\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.30314.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1622_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02965-x","author":"M Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen M, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Wan Q, Xu M, Chen X. Anti-CD20 therapy ameliorates \u03b2 cell function and rebalances Th17\/Treg cells in NOD mice. Endocrine. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-021-02965-x.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19380","volume":"184","author":"L Nussbaum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nussbaum L, Chen YL, Ogg GS. Role of regulatory T cells in psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184(1):14\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.19380.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"1622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155253","volume":"136","author":"S Fragiotta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fragiotta S, Mangino G, Iuliano M, Potenza C, Bernardini N, Skroza N, et al. Role of CD 20(+) T cells and related cytokines in mediating retinal microvascular changes and ocular complications in chronic-plaque type psoriasis. Cytokine. 2020;136: 155253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155253.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.01.012","volume":"22","author":"T Sato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sato T, Ohno S, Hayashi T, Sato C, Kohu K, Satake M, et al. Dual functions of Runx proteins for reactivating CD8 and silencing CD4 at the commitment process into CD8 thymocytes. Immunity. 2005;22(3):317\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.01.012.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12771","volume":"184","author":"A Alunno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alunno A, Carubbi F, Bistoni O, Caterbi S, Bartoloni E, Di Benedetto P, et al. Interleukin (IL)-17-producing pathogenic T lymphocytes co-express CD20 and are depleted by rituximab in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a pilot study. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;184(3):284\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12771.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.721453","volume":"12","author":"SH Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang SH, Woo JS, Moon J, Yang S, Park JS, Lee J, et al. IL-17 and CCR9(+)\u03b14\u03b27(-) Th17 cells promote salivary gland inflammation, dysfunction, and cell death in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 721453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.721453.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21852","volume":"98","author":"YL Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li YL, Wang HP, Zhang C, Zhai ZM. CD20-positive primary nasal peripheral T-cell lymphoma: an analysis of one case and review of the literature. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2020;98(4):348\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.b.21852.","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21832","volume":"98","author":"M Gadgeel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gadgeel M, Al-Qanber B, Buck S, Sava\u015fan S. CD20+ T cells in primary mediastinal large b cell lymphoma microenvironment. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2020;98(1):16\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.b.21832.","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657A","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.1991967","volume":"146","author":"G Lockhart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lockhart G, Kaushal M, Azimi A, Nana-sinkam P. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the pleura presenting as unilateral pleural effusion: a case report. Chest. 2014;146(4):657A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.1991967.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.011734","volume":"57","author":"T Sun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sun T, Akalin A, Rodacker M, Braun T. CD20 positive T cell lymphoma: is it a real entity? J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(4):442\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.2003.011734.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/102.4.483","volume":"102","author":"L Quintanilla-Martinez","year":"1994","unstructured":"Quintanilla-Martinez L, Preffer F, Rubin D, Ferry JA, Harris NL. CD20+ T-cell lymphoma. Neoplastic transformation of a normal T-cell subset. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102(4):483\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/102.4.483.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1622_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01709.x","volume":"38","author":"B Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin B, Stefanato C, Whittaker S, Robson A. Primary cutaneous CD20-positive T-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2011;38(8):663\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01709.x.","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-018-0762-4","volume":"13","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang X, Ng CS, Chen C, Yu G, Yin W. An unusual case report of indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with aberrant CD20 expression involving the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow. Diagn Pathol. 2018;13(1):82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13000-018-0762-4.","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-007-0371-1","volume":"450","author":"J Gonin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonin J, Kadiri H, Bensaci S, Le Tourneau A, Molina TJ, Diebold J, et al. Primary mediastinal anaplastic alk-1-positive large-cell lymphoma of T\/NK-cell type expressing CD20. Virchows Arch. 2007;450(3):355\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-007-0371-1.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12308-018-0326-2","volume":"11","author":"R Sukumaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sukumaran R, Nair RA. Adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma complicated by proliferation of large B cells: a diagnostic dilemma. J Hematop. 2018;11(3):83\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12308-018-0326-2.","journal-title":"J Hematop"},{"issue":"6","key":"1622_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-015-1841-x","volume":"102","author":"Y Kakinoki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kakinoki Y, Hashiguchi J, Ishio T, Chiba K, Niino D, Ohshima K. CD20-positive primary gastric T-cell lymphoma poorly responding to initial treatment with rituximab plus CHOP, and a literature review. Int J Hematol. 2015;102(6):702\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12185-015-1841-x.","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"16","key":"1622_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.2141","volume":"48","author":"K Miyazaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miyazaki K, Ohsaka M, Suzuki Y, Danbara M, Horie R, Higashihara M. CD20-positive T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia: case report and review of the literature. Intern Med. 2009;48(16):1443\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.2141.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1622_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990180206","volume":"18","author":"MJ Warzynski","year":"1994","unstructured":"Warzynski MJ, Graham DM, Axtell RA, Zakem MH, Rotman RK. Low level CD20 expression on T cell malignancies. Cytometry. 1994;18(2):88\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.990180206.","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1622_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.56.119","volume":"56","author":"R Kawano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kawano R, Niino D, Ohshima K. Six cases of CD20-positive adult T-cell leukemia. J Clin Exp Hematop. 2016;56(2):119\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3960\/jslrt.56.119.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hematop"},{"issue":"9","key":"1622_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001323","volume":"185","author":"BH Nelson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nelson BH. CD20+ B cells: the other tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2010;185(9):4977\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1001323.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1622_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0235-4","volume":"20","author":"AM van der Leun","year":"2020","unstructured":"van der Leun AM, Thommen DS, Schumacher TN. CD8(+) T cell states in human cancer: insights from single-cell analysis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20(4):218\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-019-0235-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"1622_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104260","volume":"360","author":"TW Mudd Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mudd TW Jr, Lu C, Klement JD, Liu K. MS4A1 expression and function in T cells in the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment. Cell Immunol. 2021;360: 104260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104260.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1622_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2012.05.004","volume":"146","author":"F F\u00f6rster","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster F, Singla A, Arora SK, Schmidt RE, Jacobs R. CD20+ T cell numbers are decreased in untreated HIV-1 patients and recover after HAART. Immunol Lett. 2012;146(1\u20132):74\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imlet.2012.05.004.","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"1622_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00928","author":"GE Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin GE, Pace M, Thornhill JP, Phetsouphanh C, Meyerowitz J, Gossez M, et al. CD32-expressing CD4 T cells are phenotypically diverse and can contain proviral HIV DNA. Front Immunol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00928.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1622_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.695148","volume":"12","author":"N Huot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huot N, Rascle P, Planchais C, Contreras V, Passaes C, Le Grand R, et al. CD32+CD4+ T cells sharing B cell properties increase with simian immunodeficiency virus replication in lymphoid tissues. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 695148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.695148.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1622_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2272-5","volume":"17","author":"C-F Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen C-F, Wang S-M, Ho T-S, Liu C-C. Clinical features of community acquired adenovirus pneumonia during the 2011 community outbreak in Southern Taiwan: role of host immune response. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-017-2272-5.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1622_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00733-8","volume":"41","author":"K Yasuda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yasuda K, Takeuchi Y, Hirota K. The pathogenicity of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases. Semin Immunopathol. 2019;41(3):283\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-019-00733-8.","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"}],"container-title":["Inflammation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00011-022-01622-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00011-022-01622-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00011-022-01622-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T04:23:07Z","timestamp":1666930987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00011-022-01622-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10-11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-022-01622-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1023-3830","1420-908X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1023-3830","type":"print"},{"value":"1420-908X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}