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Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Crohn\u2019s disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic inflammatory diseases that affect the gut and lung respectively and can occur comorbidly.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using the SHIP-1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> model of Crohn\u2019s-like ileitis and chronic lung inflammation, the two diseases were co-investigated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Contrary to prior literature, Crohn\u2019s-like ileitis was not fully penetrant in SHIP-1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice, and housing in a specific pathogen-free facility was completely protective. Indeed, ileal tissue from SHIP-1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice without overt ileitis was similar to control ilea. However, SHIP-1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice with ileitis exhibited increased granulocytes in ileal tissue together with T cell lymphopenia and they lacked low abundance <jats:italic>Bifidobacteria<\/jats:italic>, suggesting this bacterium protects against ileitis. Lung disease, as defined by inflammation in lung washes, emphysema, and lung consolidation, was present in SHIP-1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice regardless of ileitis phenotype; however, there was a shift in the nature of lung inflammation in animals with ileitis, with increased G-CSF and neutrophils, in addition to type 2 cytokines and eosinophils. Deficiency of G-CSF, which protects against lung disease, protected against the development of ileitis in SHIP-1<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These studies have defined environmental, immune, and inflammatory factors that predispose to ileitis, and have identified that comorbid lung disease correlates with a granulocyte signature.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-024-01953-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T07:02:57Z","timestamp":1729494177000},"page":"2123-2139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Environmental and inflammatory factors influencing concurrent gut and lung inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"April L.","family":"Raftery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Pattaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola L.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Tsantikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Hibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2002697","volume":"383","author":"JT Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang JT. 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