{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T07:47:32Z","timestamp":1794469652727,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 82373062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82373062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflamm. Res."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-025-02180-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:17:34Z","timestamp":1768382254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Machine learning and multi-omics integration identifies immunological predictors and mechanistic insights in autoimmune encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Junshuang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhou","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2180_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0196-8","volume":"24","author":"MK Mittal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mittal MK, Rabinstein AA, Hocker SE, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis in the ICU: analysis of Phenotypes, serologic Findings, and outcomes. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24(2):240\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-015-0196-8.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2180_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00083-2","volume":"22","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dalmau J, Graus F. Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis: utility and pitfalls for antibody-negative disease. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(6):529\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(23)00083-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2180_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13627","volume":"8","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Li B, Chen K, et al. Machine learning-based risk prediction of malignant arrhythmia in hospitalized patients with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(6):5363\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13627.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"11","key":"2180_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.332","volume":"108","author":"AG Singal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singal AG, Mukherjee A, Elmunzer BJ, et al. Machine learning algorithms outperform conventional regression models in predicting development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(11):1723\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2013.332.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2180_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.02.006","volume":"6","author":"A Sabbagh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabbagh A, Washington SL, et al. Development and external validation of a machine learning model for prediction of lymph node metastasis in patients with prostate cancer. Eur Urol Oncol. 2023;6(5):501\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euo.2023.02.006.","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2180_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0304-0","volume":"2","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Nair B, Vavilala MS, et al. Explainable machine-learning predictions for the prevention of hypoxaemia during surgery. Nat Biomed Eng. 2018;2(10):749\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-018-0304-0.","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2180_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17431-x","volume":"11","author":"SM Lauritsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lauritsen SM, Kristensen M, Olsen MV, et al. Explainable artificial intelligence model to predict acute critical illness from electronic health records. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17431-x.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2180_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eshaghi A, Young AL, Wijeratne PA, et al. Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1): 2078.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22265-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22265-2"},{"issue":"9","key":"2180_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01921-x","volume":"25","author":"R Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao R, Yang J, Zhai Y, et al. Nucleophosmin 1 promotes mucosal immunity by supporting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ILC3 activity. Nat Immunol. 2024;25(9):1565\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-024-01921-x.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2180_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01618-6","volume":"17","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Chai Y, Quan Y, et al. NPM1 inhibits tumoral antigen presentation to promote immune evasion and tumor progression. J Hematol Oncol. 2024;17(1):97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-024-01618-6.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2180_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216498DOI","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216498","volume":"581","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhou Z, Zhang J, et al. Pumilio1 regulates NPM3\/NPM1 axis to promote PD-L1-mediated immune escape in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 2024;581:216498DOI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216498.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"2180_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010879","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1010879","volume":"13","author":"XS Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu XS, Liu C, Zeng J, et al. Nucleophosmin 1 is a prognostic marker of Gastrointestinal cancer and is associated with m6A and Cuproptosis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1010879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1010879.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2180_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0537122","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05371-22","volume":"11","author":"P Pradeep","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pradeep P, Sivakumar KC, Sreekumar E. Host factor nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1\/B23) exerts antiviral effects against Chikungunya virus by its interaction with viral nonstructural protein 3. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(4):e0537122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.05371-22.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2180_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)00401-9","volume":"15","author":"F Graus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(4):391\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)00401-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2180_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4251","volume":"80","author":"EP Flanagan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flanagan EP, Geschwind MD, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis in adults. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(1):30\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4251.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2180_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.05.007","volume":"133","author":"Q Dou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dou Q, Yang C, Tian M, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis in children: a single-center retrospective study. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;133:9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.05.007.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2180_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac166","volume":"145","author":"WJ Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim DY, et al. Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes. Brain. 2022;145(10):3509\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awac166.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2180_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.07.010","volume":"103","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW. Validation in prediction research: the waste by data splitting. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;103:131\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.07.010.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2180_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h2622","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2622","volume":"350","author":"JM Bland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistics notes: bootstrap resampling methods. BMJ. 2015;350:h2622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h2622.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"14","key":"2180_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7263","volume":"36","author":"AK Dwivedi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dwivedi AK, Mallawaarachchi I, Alvarado LA. Analysis of small sample size studies using nonparametric bootstrap test with pooled resampling method. Stat Med. 2017;36(14):2187\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.7263.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2180_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0913-x","volume":"42","author":"S Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee S, Ahmad A, Jeon G. Combining bootstrap aggregation with support vector regression for small blood pressure measurement. J Med Syst. 2018;42(4):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-018-0913-x.","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"7877","key":"2180_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03855-y","volume":"597","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Dhindsa RS, Carss K, et al. Rare variant contribution to human disease in 281,104 UK biobank exomes. Nature. 2021;597(7877):527\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03855-y.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"2180_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6086-x","volume":"258","author":"SM Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim SM, Waters P, Vincent A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid\/serum gradient of IgG is associated with disability at acute attacks of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol. 2011;258(12):2176\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-011-6086-x.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2180_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07058-3","volume":"45","author":"H Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan H, Wang Y, Li Y, et al. Combined platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and blood-brain barrier biomarkers as indicators of disability in acute neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Sci. 2024;45(2):709\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07058-3.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2180_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","volume":"378","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-mediated encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):840\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1708712.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2180_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30470-2","volume":"17","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):162\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30470-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2180_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.002","volume":"383","author":"Y Uchida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uchida Y, Kato D, Adachi K, et al. Passively acquired thyroid autoantibodies from intravenous Immunoglobulin in autoimmune encephalitis: two case reports. J Neurol Sci. 2017;383:116\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.002.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"2180_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.07.007","volume":"188","author":"M Daher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Daher M, Rezvani K. iPSC-derived CAR-NK cells: off-the-shelf cellular therapy for systemic sclerosis. Cell. 2025;188(16):4173\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.07.007.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"2180_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.07.028","volume":"84","author":"Y Fu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fu Y, Xu Z, Wu C, et al. Genetically modified CD19-targeting IL-15 secreting NK cells for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2025;84(11):1811\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ard.2025.07.028.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"2180_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025413","volume":"145","author":"D Mougiakakos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mougiakakos D, Meyer EH, Schett G. CAR T cells in autoimmunity: game changer or stepping stone?. Blood. 2025;145(17):1841\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2024025413.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2180_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poddighe D, Dossybayeva K, Kozhakhmetov S, et al. Double-Negative T (DNT) cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomedicines. 2024;12(1):166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12010166.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010166"},{"issue":"1","key":"2180_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16636-4","volume":"11","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Adamopoulos IE, Moulton VR, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus favors the generation of IL-17 producing double negative T cells. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-16636-4.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Inflammation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00011-025-02180-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00011-025-02180-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00011-025-02180-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:17:35Z","timestamp":1768382255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00011-025-02180-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-025-02180-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-908X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-908X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study has passed ethical approval (2022-KY-0176).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"18"}}