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Res."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren disease (SjD) has a multifactorial pathogenesis that is not fully understood. Perceptions of disease severity shape healthcare-seeking behavior and engagement with diagnostic assessments, underscoring the need for objective biomarkers. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) have emerged as relevant mediators in SjD immunopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the diagnostic performance of siglec-5 expression in minor salivary gland (MSG) tissue and saliva samples from individuals with SjD and non-Sj\u00f6gren\n                      <jats:italic>sicca<\/jats:italic>\n                      (nSS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 109 participants with SjD and 41 with nSS were included. Salivary concentrations of siglec-5\/siglec-14, inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, IFN-\u03b3, IgA, IgG, nitric oxide [NO]), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were measured. Immunohistochemical analyses of siglec-5, CD20, and CD3 were performed on MSG specimens. The data were analyzed descriptively and analytically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Salivary levels of siglec-5\/siglec-14, IgA, IgG, NO, and NETs were significantly higher in the SjD group compared to the nSS group. Elevated salivary levels of siglec-5\/siglec-14, IL-6, and IgG were found among individuals with severe dryness scores. Immunohistochemical staining for siglec-5 was more pronounced in SjD samples and significantly associated with CD20 and CD3 positivity as well as the presence of xerophthalmia. Tissue infiltration by siglec-5 had greater diagnostic accuracy for SjD (area under the curve: 73.1% [95% confidence interval: 58.2\u201385]) than both salivary and ocular\n                      <jats:italic>sicca<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Siglec-5 expression was increased in individuals with SjD, supporting its involvement in disease pathogenesis as well as its potential usefulness as a biomarker. The availability of objective salivary and tissue markers may improve diagnostic pathways for SjD, thereby facilitating patient engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-026-02188-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T02:26:25Z","timestamp":1772072785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic significance of salivary and glandular siglec-5 in Sj\u00f6gren disease and non-Sj\u00f6gren sicca"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Luiza Ara\u00fajo de Lima","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiz Fernandes Mendes","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Arag\u00e3o","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sic\u00edlia Rezende","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alcides Almeida","family":"de Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Zanetti","family":"Drumond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Christina Higino","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Munayer","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harim Tavares","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio Augusto Aquino","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilda Aparecida","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro Augusto","family":"Tanure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Cerqueira","family":"Calderaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarc\u00edlia Aparecida","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia Ferreira","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"2188_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312903","volume":"22","author":"JY Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung JY, Kim JW, Kim HA, Suh CH. 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