{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:37:33Z","timestamp":1767829053442,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,8]],"date-time":"2010-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1281225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell. Mol. Life Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,7]],"date-time":"2010-08-07T20:18:06Z","timestamp":1281212286000},"page":"697-708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["The epididymis-specific antimicrobial peptide \u03b2-defensin 15 is required for sperm motility and male fertility in the rat (Rattus norvegicus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zimei","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuanggang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heguo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonglian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"478_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/2131097a0","volume":"213","author":"JM Bedford","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bedford JM (1967) Fertile life of rabbit spermatozoa in rat uterus. Nature 213:1097\u20131099","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"478_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1999.00151.x","volume":"22","author":"RC Jones","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jones RC (1999) To store or mature spermatozoa? The primary role of the epididymis. Int J Androl 22:57\u201367","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"478_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/216816a0","volume":"216","author":"MC Orgebin-Crist","year":"1967","unstructured":"Orgebin-Crist MC (1967) Sperm maturation in rabbit epididymis. Nature 216:816\u2013818","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"478_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1056545","volume":"291","author":"P Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li P, Chan HC, He B, So SC, Chung YW, Shang Q, Zhang YD, Zhang YL (2001) An antimicrobial peptide gene found in the male reproductive system of rats. Science 291:1783\u20131785","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"478_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2516","volume":"169","author":"Y Yamaguchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yamaguchi Y, Nagase T, Makita R, Fukuhara S, Tomita T, Tominaga T, Kurihara H, Ouchi Y (2002) Identification of multiple novel epididymis-specific beta-defensin isoforms in humans and mice. J Immunol 169:2516\u20132523","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"478_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030225","volume":"372","author":"S Yenugu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yenugu S, Hamil KG, Birse CE, Ruben SM, French FS, Hall SH (2003) Antibacterial properties of the sperm-binding proteins and peptides of human epididymis 2 (HE2) family; salt sensitivity, structural dependence and their interaction with outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli. Biochem J 372:473\u2013483","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"478_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1698","volume":"145","author":"S Yenugu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yenugu S, Hamil KG, Radhakrishnan Y, French FS, Hall SH (2004) The androgen-regulated epididymal sperm-binding protein, human beta-defensin 118 (DEFB118) (formerly ESC42), is an antimicrobial beta-defensin. Endocrinology 145:3165\u20133173","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"478_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.005389","volume":"68","author":"E Com","year":"2003","unstructured":"Com E, Bourgeon F, Evrard B, Ganz T, Colleu D, Jegou B, Pineau C (2003) Expression of antimicrobial defensins in the male reproductive tract of rats, mice, and humans. Biol Reprod 68:95\u2013104","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.031740","volume":"71","author":"MC Avellar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Avellar MC, Honda L, Hamil KG, Yenugu S, Grossman G, Petrusz P, French FS, Hall SH (2004) Differential expression and antibacterial activity of epididymis protein 2 isoforms in the male reproductive tract of human and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Biol Reprod 71:1453\u20131460","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00104.2005","volume":"23","author":"AA Patil","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patil AA, Cai Y, Sang Y, Blecha F, Zhang G (2005) Cross-species analysis of the mammalian beta-defensin gene family: presence of syntenic gene clusters and preferential expression in the male reproductive tract. Physiol Genomics 23:5\u201317","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"478_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den084","volume":"23","author":"YQ Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin YQ, Li JY, Wang HY, Liu J, Zhang CL, Wang WT, Liu J, Li N, Jin SH (2008) Cloning and identification of a novel sperm binding protein, HEL-75, with antibacterial activity and expressed in the human epididymis. Hum Reprod 23:2086\u20132094","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099743","volume":"306","author":"MG O\u2019Rand","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Rand MG, Widgren EE, Sivashanmugam P, Richardson RT, Hall SH, French FS, VandeVoort CA, Ramachandra SG, Ramesh V, Jagannadha Rao A (2004) Reversible immunocontraception in male monkeys immunized with eppin. Science 306:1189\u20131190","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"478_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1990.tb00339.x","volume":"44","author":"T Ganz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ganz T, Selsted ME, Lehrer RI (1990) Defensins. Eur J Haematol 44:1\u20138","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"478_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1180","volume":"3","author":"T Ganz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ganz T (2003) Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 3:710\u2013720","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"478_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.749","volume":"12","author":"E Kluver","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kluver E, Adermann K, Schulz A (2006) Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of beta-defensins, multi-functional peptides of the immune system. J Pept Sci 12:243\u2013257","journal-title":"J Pept Sci"},{"key":"478_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5540-2","volume":"63","author":"M Pazgier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pazgier M, Hoover DM, Yang D, Lu W, Lubkowski J (2006) Human beta-defensins. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:1294\u20131313","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"478_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1206","volume":"6","author":"ME Selsted","year":"2005","unstructured":"Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ (2005) Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response. Nat Immunol 6:551\u2013557","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"478_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1860","volume":"6","author":"ME Klotman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klotman ME, Chang TL (2006) Defensins in innate antiviral immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 6:447\u2013456","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"478_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1127","volume":"6","author":"CX Zhou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhou CX, Zhang YL, Xiao L, Zheng M, Leung KM, Chan MY, Lo PS, Tsang LL, Wong HY, Ho LS, Chung YW, Chan HC (2004) An epididymis-specific beta-defensin is important for the initiation of sperm maturation. Nat Cell Biol 6:458\u2013464","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"478_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.016105","volume":"69","author":"AI Yudin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yudin AI, Tollner TL, Li MW, Treece CA, Overstreet JW, Cherr GN (2003) ESP13.2, a member of the beta-defensin family, is a macaque sperm surface-coating protein involved in the capacitation process. Biol Reprod 69:1118\u20131128","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20132","volume":"69","author":"TL Tollner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tollner TL, Yudin AI, Treece CA, Overstreet JW, Cherr GN (2004) Macaque sperm release ESP13.2 and PSP94 during capacitation: the absence of ESP13.2 is linked to sperm\u2013zona recognition and binding. Mol Reprod Dev 69:325\u2013337","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"478_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042692699","volume":"99","author":"BC Schutte","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schutte BC, Mitros JP, Bartlett JA, Walters JD, Jia HP, Welsh MJ, Casavant TL, McCray PB Jr (2002) Discovery of five conserved beta-defensin gene clusters using a computational search strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:2129\u20132133","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"478_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.057323","volume":"76","author":"SA Jelinsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jelinsky SA, Turner TT, Bang HJ, Finger JN, Solarz MK, Wilson E, Brown EL, Kopf GS, Johnston DS (2007) The rat epididymal transcriptome: comparison of segmental gene expression in the rat and mouse epididymides. Biol Reprod 76:561\u2013570","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.054635","volume":"76","author":"CF Zhu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhu CF, Liu Q, Zhang L, Yuan HX, Zhen W, Zhang JS, Chen ZJ, Hall SH, French FS, Zhang YL (2007) RNase9, an androgen-dependent member of the RNase A family, is specifically expressed in the rat epididymis. Biol Reprod 76:63\u201373","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/36.8.571","volume":"36","author":"LQ Xiao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiao LQ, Liu AH, Zhang YL (2004) An effective method for raising antisera against beta-defensins: double-copy protein expression of mBin1b in E. coli. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 36:571\u2013576","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"478_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.071589","volume":"80","author":"W Zhen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhen W, Li P, He B, Guo J, Zhang YL (2009) The novel epididymis-specific beta-galactosidase-like gene Glb1l4 is essential in epididymal development and sperm maturation in rats. Biol Reprod 80:696\u2013706","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.278","volume":"2","author":"A Birmingham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Birmingham A, Anderson E, Sullivan K, Reynolds A, Boese Q, Leake D, Karpilow J, Khvorova A (2007) A protocol for designing siRNAs with high functionality and specificity. Nat Protoc 2:2068\u20132078","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"478_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/88115","volume":"19","author":"V Zennou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zennou V, Serguera C, Sarkis C, Colin P, Perret E, Mallet J, Charneau P (2001) The HIV-1 DNA flap stimulates HIV vector-mediated cell transduction in the brain. Nat Biotechnol 19:446\u2013450","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"478_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21866","volume":"87","author":"J Santamaria","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santamaria J, Khalfallah O, Sauty C, Brunet I, Sibieude M, Mallet J, Berrard S, Lecomte MJ (2009) Silencing of choline acetyltransferase expression by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference in cultured cells and in the adult rodent brain. J Neurosci Res 87:532\u2013544","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"478_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004106","volume":"3","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zheng M, Shi Q, Zhang L, Zhen W, Chen W, Zhang Y (2008) An epididymis-specific secretory protein HongrES1 critically regulates sperm capacitation and male fertility. PLoS One 3:e4106","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"478_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1060231","volume":"106","author":"G Oberlander","year":"1996","unstructured":"Oberlander G, Yeung CH, Cooper TG (1996) Influence of oral administration of ornidazole on capacitation and the activity of some glycolytic enzymes of rat spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil 106:231\u2013239","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"478_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(99)00062-3","volume":"14","author":"T Berger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berger T, Miller MG, Horner CM (2000) In vitro fertilization after in vivo treatment of rats with three reproductive toxicants. Reprod Toxicol 14:45\u201353","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"478_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.03.149","volume":"357","author":"H Diao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Diao H, Guo C, Lin D, Zhang Y (2007) Intein-mediated expression is an effective approach in the study of beta-defensins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 357:840\u2013846","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"478_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-7","volume":"4","author":"S Yenugu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yenugu S, Chintalgattu V, Wingard CJ, Radhakrishnan Y, French FS, Hall SH (2006) Identification, cloning and functional characterization of novel beta-defensins in the rat (Rattus norvegicus). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 4:7","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"478_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1210\/en.142.10.4529","volume":"142","author":"Q Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu Q, Hamil KG, Sivashanmugam P, Grossman G, Soundararajan R, Rao AJ, Richardson RT, Zhang YL, O\u2019Rand MG, Petrusz P, French FS, Hall SH (2001) Primate epididymis-specific proteins: characterization of ESC42, a novel protein containing a trefoil-like motif in monkey and human. Endocrinology 142:4529\u20134539","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"478_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9930361","volume":"5","author":"RP Amann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Amann RP, Hammerstedt RH, Veeramachaneni DN (1993) The epididymis and sperm maturation: a perspective. Reprod Fertil Dev 5:361\u2013381","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"478_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.013771","volume":"69","author":"KP Roberts","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roberts KP, Wamstad JA, Ensrud KM, Hamilton DW (2003) Inhibition of capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation signaling in rat sperm by epididymal protein Crisp-1. Biol Reprod 69:572\u2013581","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"478_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.12.039","volume":"82","author":"E Seli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seli E, Gardner DK, Schoolcraft WB, Moffatt O, Sakkas D (2004) Extent of nuclear DNA damage in ejaculated spermatozoa impacts on blastocyst development after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 82:378\u2013383","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"478_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-007-9177-y","volume":"24","author":"SM Andrabi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andrabi SM (2007) Mammalian sperm chromatin structure and assessment of DNA fragmentation. J Assist Reprod Genet 24:561\u2013569","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"478_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0520333","volume":"52","author":"N Levine","year":"1978","unstructured":"Levine N, Kelly H (1978) Measurement of pH in the rat epididymis in vivo. J Reprod Fertil 52:333\u2013335","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"478_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)42382-4","volume":"28","author":"TT Turner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Turner TT, Hartmann PK, Howards SS (1977) In vivo sodium, potassium, and sperm concentrations in the rat epididymis. Fertil Steril 28:191\u2013194","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"478_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2005.03.014","volume":"40","author":"X Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen X, Niyonsaba F, Ushio H, Okuda D, Nagaoka I, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H (2005) Synergistic effect of antibacterial agents human beta-defensins, cathelicidin LL-37 and lysozyme against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. J Dermatol Sci 40:123\u2013132","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T19:32:29Z","timestamp":1558553549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-010-0478-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-682X","1420-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-682X","type":"print"},{"value":"1420-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,8]]}}}