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Mol. Life Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spermiogenesis is considered to be crucial for the production of haploid spermatozoa with normal morphology, structure and function, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SPEM family member 2 (<jats:italic>Spem2<\/jats:italic>), as a novel testis-enriched gene, is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. <jats:italic>Spem2<\/jats:italic> is\u00a0predominantly expressed in the haploid male germ cells and is highly conserved across mammals. Mice deficient for <jats:italic>Spem2<\/jats:italic> develop male infertility associated with spermiogenesis impairment. Specifically, the insufficient sperm individualization, failure of excess cytoplasm shedding, and defects in acrosome formation are evident in <jats:italic>Spem2<\/jats:italic>-null sperm. Sperm counts and motility are also significantly reduced compared to controls. In vivo fertilization assays have shown that <jats:italic>Spem2<\/jats:italic>-null sperm are unable to fertilize oocytes, possibly due to their impaired ability to migrate from the uterus into the oviduct. However, the infertility of <jats:italic>Spem2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> males cannot be rescued by in vitro fertilization, suggesting that defective sperm\u2013egg interaction\u00a0may also be a contributing factor. Furthermore, SPEM2 is detected to interact with ZPBP, PRSS21, PRSS54, PRSS55, ADAM2 and ADAM3 and is also required for their processing and maturation in epididymal sperm. Our findings establish SPEM2 as an essential regulator of spermiogenesis and fertilization in mice, possibly in mammals including humans. Understanding the molecular\u00a0role of SPEM2 could provide new insights into future therapeutic treatment of human male infertility and development of non-hormonal male contraceptives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05147-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1709200933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Spem2, a novel testis-enriched gene, is required for spermiogenesis and fertilization in mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Chaojie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunyuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2626-4122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhugang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"5147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09597-4_1","volume":"636","author":"RA Hess","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hess RA, de Franca LR (2008) Spermatogenesis and cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. 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