{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:43:55Z","timestamp":1789623835443,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,2]],"date-time":"2018-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-102499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-102499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-018-1121-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,2]],"date-time":"2018-06-02T04:57:10Z","timestamp":1527915430000},"page":"1001-1008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Symbolic violence and disempowerment as factors in the adverse impact of immigration detention on adult asylum seekers\u2019 mental health"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Cleveland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kronick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Gros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1121_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199669394.003.0009","volume-title":"The borders of punishment","author":"M Bosworth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bosworth M (2013) Can immigration detention centres be legitimate? Understanding confinement in a global world. In: Aas KF, Bosworth M (eds) The borders of punishment. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 149\u2013165"},{"key":"1121_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199675470.001.0001","volume-title":"Inside immigration detention","author":"M Bosworth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bosworth M (2014) Inside immigration detention. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1121_CR3","unstructured":"Bosworth M (2016) The impact of immigration detention on mental health: a literature review. Criminal Justice, Borders and Citizenship Research Paper No. 2732892 https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2732892 . Accessed 12 Aug 2017"},{"key":"1121_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371305800706","volume":"58","author":"J Cleveland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cleveland J, Rousseau C (2013) Psychiatric symptoms associated with brief detention of adult asylum seekers in Canada. Can J Psychiatry 58:409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674371305800706","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1121_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.7202\/1015295ar","volume":"46","author":"J Cleveland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cleveland J, Dionne-Boivin V, Rousseau C (2013) L\u2019exp\u00e9rience des demandeurs d\u2019asile d\u00e9tenus au Canada. Criminologie 46:107\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/1015295ar","journal-title":"Criminologie"},{"issue":"12","key":"1121_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.042","volume":"70","author":"G Coffey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coffey G, Kaplan I, Sampson RC, Tucci MM (2010) The meaning and mental health consequences of long-term immigration detention for people seeking asylum. Soc Sci Med 70(12):2070\u20132079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.042","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1121_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/0306396813497880","volume":"55","author":"D DeBono","year":"2013","unstructured":"DeBono D (2013) \u2018Less than human\u2019: the detention of irregular immigrants in Malta. Race Class 55(2):60\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306396813497880","journal-title":"Race Class"},{"key":"1121_CR8","unstructured":"Edwards A (2011) Back to Basics: The Right to Liberty and Security of Person and \u201cAlternatives to Detention\u201d of Refugees, Asylum-Seekers, Stateless Persons and Other Migrants, UNHCR Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, PPLA\/2011\/01.Rev 1. http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/4dc935fd2.html . Accessed 12 Aug 2017"},{"key":"1121_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731516630384","author":"T Filges","year":"2016","unstructured":"Filges T, Montgomery E, Kastrup M (2016) The impact of detention on the health of asylum seekers. Res Soc Work Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731516630384","journal-title":"Res Soc Work Pract"},{"key":"1121_CR10","first-page":"34","volume":"205","author":"A Fili","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fili A (2013) The maze of immigration detention in Greece: a case study of the Athens airport detention facility. Prison Serv J 205:34\u201338","journal-title":"Prison Serv J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1121_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.25071\/1920-7336.40380","volume":"32","author":"L Fiske","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fiske L (2016) Human rights and refugee protest against immigration detention: refugees\u2019 struggles for recognition as human. Refuge 32(1):18\u201327","journal-title":"Refuge"},{"key":"1121_CR12","volume-title":"Qualitative methods for health research","author":"J Green","year":"2013","unstructured":"Green J, Thorogood N (2013) Qualitative methods for health research, 3rd edn. Sage, London","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"1121_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4059\/jla.2013.2616","volume":"1","author":"M Griffiths","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griffiths M (2013) Living with uncertainty: indefinite immigration detention. J Legal Anthropol 1(3):263\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4059\/jla.2013.2616","journal-title":"J Legal Anthropol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1121_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2014.907737","volume":"40","author":"M Griffiths","year":"2014","unstructured":"Griffiths M (2014) Out of time: the temporal uncertainties of refused asylum seekers and immigration detainees. J Ethn Migr Stud 40(12):1991\u20132009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369183X.2014.907737","journal-title":"J Ethn Migr Stud"},{"key":"1121_CR15","unstructured":"Gros H, van Groll P (2015) \u201cWe have no rights\u201d. Arbitrary imprisonment and cruel treatment of migrants with mental health issues in Canada. International Human Rights Program, University of Toronto Faculty of Law. https:\/\/www.law.utoronto.ca\/utfl_file\/count\/media\/ihrp_we_have_no_rights_report_web_version_final_170615.pdf . Accessed 12 Aug 2017"},{"key":"1121_CR16","first-page":"297","volume":"3","author":"K Gustafson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gustafson K (2013) Degradation ceremonies and the criminalization of low-income women. UC Irvine Law Rev 3:297\u2013358","journal-title":"UC Irvine Law Rev"},{"key":"1121_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14846-5","volume":"362","author":"AS Keller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keller AS, Rosenfeld B, Trinh-Shevrin C, Meserve C, Sachs E, Leviss JA et al (2003) Mental health of detained asylum seekers. Lancet 362:1721\u20131723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14846-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1121_CR18","volume-title":"From persecution to prison: the health consequences of detention for asylum seekers","author":"Physicians for Human Rights","year":"2003","unstructured":"Physicians for Human Rights (2003) From persecution to prison: the health consequences of detention for asylum seekers. Physicians for Human Rights, Boston"},{"key":"1121_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.053223","volume":"194","author":"K Robjant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robjant K, Hassan R, Katona C (2009a) Mental health implications of detaining asylum seekers: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 194:306\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.053223","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1121_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1348\/014466508X397007","volume":"48","author":"K Robjant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robjant K, Robbins I, Senior V (2009b) Psychological distress amongst immigration detainees: a cross-sectional questionnaire study. Br J Clin Psychol 48:275\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466508X397007","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1121_CR21","unstructured":"Rousseau C, Pottie K, Thombs BD, Munoz M, Jurcik T (2011) Post traumatic stress disorder: evidence review for newly arriving immigrants and refugees. Guidelines for immigrant health, Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health, Appendix 11. Can Med Assoc J. http:\/\/www.cmaj.ca\/content\/suppl\/2010\/06\/07\/cmaj.090313.DC1\/imm-ptsd-11-at.pdf . Accessed 12 Aug 2017"},{"key":"1121_CR22","unstructured":"ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH (2010) ATLAS.ti (version 5.2)"},{"key":"1121_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.104.007864","volume":"188","author":"Z Steel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steel Z, Silove D, Brooks R, Momartin S, Alzuhairi B, Susljik I (2006) Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees. Br J Psychiatry 188:58\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.104.007864","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1121_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/0961463X15604518","volume":"25","author":"S Turnbull","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turnbull S (2016) \u2018Stuck in the middle\u2019: waiting and uncertainty in immigration detention. Time Soc 25(1):61\u201379","journal-title":"Time Soc"},{"key":"1121_CR25","unstructured":"United Nations (1951\/1967) UN Convention and Protocol relating to the protection of refugees. http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/3b66c2aa10 . Accessed 13 Apr 2018"},{"key":"1121_CR26","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly resolution (2015) UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), A\/RES\/70\/175 (17 December 2015). https:\/\/cdn.penalreform.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1957\/06\/ENG.pdf . Accessed 12 Aug 2017"},{"key":"1121_CR27","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2012) Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention. http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/publications\/legal\/505b10ee9\/unhcr-detention-guidelines.html . Accessed 12 Aug 2017"},{"key":"1121_CR28","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2017) Global trends. Forced displacement in 2016. http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/5943e8a34 . Accessed 12 Aug 2017"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00038-018-1121-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00038-018-1121-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00038-018-1121-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1604368026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00038-018-1121-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-018-1121-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1661-8556","1661-8564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1661-8556","type":"print"},{"value":"1661-8564","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in our study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Boards of the McGill University Faculty of Medicine, the Centre de\u00a0Sant\u00e9 et de\u00a0Services\u00a0Sociaux de la Montagne, and the Mount Sinai Hospital.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}}]}}