{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T08:20:08Z","timestamp":1764577208615,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005690","name":"Universit\u00e4t des Saarlandes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["N.T.M."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this case study, I focus on two previously underresearched groups in the history of police interrogation: officers of the Female Criminal Police, established around 1926, and schoolteachers who, beginning in 1924, collaborated with the Leipzig Criminal Office as so-called criminal aides (\n                    <jats:italic>Kriminalhelfer<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Both the Female Criminal Police and the criminal aides of the Leipzig Criminal Office claimed a distinct niche within the domain of interrogation practices. They publicly asserted a superior aptitude for questioning children and adolescents, particularly in cases involving the sexual abuse of minors (then classified as Sittlichkeitsdelikte, that is,\u00a0\u201cmoral offenses\u201d) under \u00a7176 of the Imperial Penal Code. The article situates these two groups within a broader discourse about interrogation methods that emerged around 1900, a debate increasingly shaped by new psychological approaches\u2014above all, by the emerging field of the psychology of testimony (\n                    <jats:italic>Aussagepsychologie<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The question of which epistemic persona could most competently interrogate minors reflected, on one level, professional interests\u2014the pursuit of new occupational opportunities for women and for teachers\u2014and, on another, the contested epistemic authority and social recognition tied to particular forms of subjectivity. In the longer run, female police officers succeeded in establishing their legitimacy because they offered a model that could be integrated into existing police structures: a model of psychologically trained, empathetic officers responsible for cases involving children and young people. Teachers, by contrast, were unable to articulate a comparable epistemic or administrative framework, and their involvement in interrogation practices remained highly localized and short-lived.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00048-025-00432-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T11:04:22Z","timestamp":1761131062000},"page":"487-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Psychology of Testimony and the Interrogation of Children: Contesting the Expertise of Teachers and Female Police Officers, circa 1922\u20131944"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Laurens","family":"Schlicht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"432_CR1","volume-title":"The lie detectors. The history of an American obsession","author":"K Alder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alder, Ken 2007. The Lie Detectors. The History of an American Obsession. New York: Free Press."},{"key":"432_CR3","first-page":"266","volume":"48","author":"Anon","year":"1928","unstructured":"Anon. 1928. Eine private Konferenz forensisch-psychologischer Sachverst\u00e4ndiger. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft 48: 266\u201367.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft"},{"key":"432_CR2","first-page":"120","volume":"35","author":"Anon","year":"1934","unstructured":"Anon. 1934. Mitteilungen aus dem P\u00e4dagogisch-Psychologischen Institut (Abteilung der Fachschaft Volksschule Leipzig im NSLB, Gau Sachsen). Zeitschrift f\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogische Psychologie 35: 120\u201322.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogische Psychologie"},{"key":"432_CR4","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik. Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Br\u00fcchen und Kontinuit\u00e4ten im Deutschland des 20.\u00a0Jahrhunderts","author":"M Ash","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ash, Mitchell 2002. Wissenschaft und Politik als Ressourcen f\u00fcreinander. In: R\u00fcdiger vom Bruch and Brigitte Kaderas (eds.). Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik. Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Br\u00fcchen und Kontinuit\u00e4ten im Deutschland des 20.\u00a0Jahrhunderts. Wiesbaden: Steiner: 32\u201351."},{"key":"432_CR5","volume-title":"Ziele und Aufgaben der weiblichen Polizei in Deutschland","author":"L Barck","year":"1928","unstructured":"Barck, Lothar 1928. Ziele und Aufgaben der weiblichen Polizei in Deutschland. L\u00fcbeck\/Berlin\/Hamburg: Deutscher Polizeiverlag."},{"key":"432_CR6","volume-title":"La suggestibilit\u00e9","author":"A Binet","year":"1900","unstructured":"Binet, Alfred 1900. La suggestibilit\u00e9. Paris: Schleicher Fr\u00e8res."},{"key":"432_CR7","volume-title":"\u00dcber die Technik bei der Beurteilung der Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeit von jugendlichen Zeugen","author":"R B\u00f6hm","year":"1930","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, Rose 1930. \u00dcber die Technik bei der Beurteilung der Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeit von jugendlichen Zeugen. Breslau: Gutsmann."},{"key":"432_CR8","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Alfred Binet. De la suggestion \u00e0\u00a0la cognition 1857\u20131911","author":"C Clozza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clozza, Cristina 2009. De la suggestion \u00e0\u00a0la suggestibilit\u00e9. In: Bernard Andrieu (ed.). Alfred Binet. De la suggestion \u00e0\u00a0la cognition 1857\u20131911. Lyon: Chronique sociale: 43\u201366."},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1086\/691678","volume":"1","author":"L Daston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daston, Lorraine 2017. The History of Science and the History of Knowledge. Know. A\u00a0Journal on the Formation of Knowledge 1 (1): 131\u201354.","journal-title":"Know. A\u00a0Journal on the Formation of Knowledge"},{"key":"432_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S026988970300067X","volume":"16","author":"L Daston","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daston, Lorraine and Heinz Otto Sibum 2003. Introduction. Scientific Personae and Their Histories. Science in Context 16: 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Science in Context"},{"key":"432_CR12","volume-title":"The politics of German child welfare from the empire to the federal republic","author":"E Dickinson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dickinson, Edward 1996. The Politics of German Child Welfare from the Empire to the Federal Republic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"432_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156916104322888989","volume":"37","author":"E Dickinson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dickinson, Edward 2004. Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy. Some Reflections on Our Discourse about \u201cModernity.\u201d Central European History 37: 1\u201348.","journal-title":"Central European History"},{"key":"432_CR13","first-page":"164","volume":"13","author":"M D\u00f6ring","year":"1924","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring, Max 1924. Richtlinien f\u00fcr den kinderpsychologischen Sachverst\u00e4ndigen in Sexualprozessen. P\u00e4dagogisch-psychologische Arbeiten des Leipziger Lehrervereins 13: 164\u2013214","journal-title":"P\u00e4dagogisch-psychologische Arbeiten des Leipziger Lehrervereins"},{"key":"432_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.35468\/5971-05","volume-title":"Das (A)normale in der P\u00e4dagogik 1880\u20131980. Wissenspraktiken \u2013 Wissensordnungen \u2013 Wissensregime","author":"EJ Engstrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engstrom, Eric J. 2022. Die Jugendgerichtshilfe in Berlin, 1905\u20131914: Intersektionale Expertise im Umgang mit jugendlicher Devianz. In: Vera Moser and Jona Garz (eds.). Das (A)normale in der P\u00e4dagogik 1880\u20131980. Wissenspraktiken \u2013 Wissensordnungen \u2013 Wissensregime. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt: 77\u201395."},{"issue":"7","key":"432_CR15","first-page":"73","volume":"10","author":"J Erkens","year":"1930","unstructured":"Erkens, Josephine 1930. Zeitgem\u00e4\u00dfes \u00fcber die weibliche Polizei. Soziale Berufsarbeit 10\/7: 73\u201376.","journal-title":"Soziale Berufsarbeit"},{"key":"432_CR16","first-page":"5","volume":"9","author":"K Fiedler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fiedler, Klaus and Jeannette Schmid 1999. Gutachten \u00fcber die Methodik und Bewertungskriterien f\u00fcr Psychologische Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeitsgutachten. Praxis der Rechtspsychologie 9: 5\u201345.","journal-title":"Praxis der Rechtspsychologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR17","first-page":"35","volume":"84","author":"M Foucault","year":"1990","unstructured":"Foucault, Michel 1990 [1978]. Qu\u2019est-ce que la critique? Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de philosophie 84\/2: 35\u201363.","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de philosophie"},{"key":"432_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2307\/2095325","volume":"48","author":"T Gieryn","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gieryn, Thomas 1983. Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science. Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists. American Sociological Review 48: 781\u201395.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"432_CR19","volume-title":"Das Aufbegehren der b\u00fcrgerlichen Frauenbewegung gegen die Sittenpolizei des Kaiserreichs und der erste Versuch weiblicher Polizeiarbeit in Deutschland (1875\u20131914)","author":"D G\u00f6tting","year":"2010","unstructured":"G\u00f6tting, Dirk 2010. Das Aufbegehren der b\u00fcrgerlichen Frauenbewegung gegen die Sittenpolizei des Kaiserreichs und der erste Versuch weiblicher Polizeiarbeit in Deutschland (1875\u20131914). Frankfurt am Main: Verlag f\u00fcr Polizeiwissenschaft."},{"key":"432_CR20","volume-title":"Von der S\u00e4uglingsf\u00fcrsorge zur Leitung der Jugendkonzentrationslager. Friederike Wieking (1891\u20131958) und die Entwicklung der Weiblichen Kriminalpolizei bis 1945","author":"S Gro\u00df","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gro\u00df, S\u00f6ren 2021. Von der S\u00e4uglingsf\u00fcrsorge zur Leitung der Jugendkonzentrationslager. Friederike Wieking (1891\u20131958) und die Entwicklung der Weiblichen Kriminalpolizei bis 1945. Jena: Dissertation, University of Jena."},{"key":"432_CR21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Credibility assessment. Scientific research and applications","author":"M Hartwig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hartwig, Maria, P\u00e4r Anders Granhag, and Timothy Luke 2014. Strategic Use of Evidence During Investigative Interviews. The State of the Science. In: David Raskin, Charles Honts, and John Kircher (eds.). Credibility Assessment. Scientific Research and Applications. Amsterdam et\u00a0al.: Elsevier: 1\u201336."},{"key":"432_CR23","first-page":"1926","volume":"19","author":"G Heiland","year":"1926","unstructured":"Heiland, Gerhard 1926. Jugendliche Zeugen in Sittlichkeitsprozessen. Neue Leipziger Zeitung, September\u00a019, 1926.","journal-title":"Neue Leipziger Zeitung"},{"key":"432_CR22","first-page":"49","volume":"3","author":"G Heiland","year":"1929","unstructured":"Heiland, Gerhard 1929. Vernehmung von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Strafsachen. Kriminalistische Monatshefte 3: 49\u201352.","journal-title":"Kriminalistische Monatshefte"},{"key":"432_CR24","volume-title":"Psychologie der straff\u00e4lligen Jugend: Richtlinien f\u00fcr Jugendgerichte, Jugendf\u00fcrsorge und Jugendpflege","author":"W Hoffmann","year":"1919","unstructured":"Hoffmann, Walter 1919. Psychologie der straff\u00e4lligen Jugend: Richtlinien f\u00fcr Jugendgerichte, Jugendf\u00fcrsorge und Jugendpflege. Leipzig: Rossberg."},{"key":"432_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbs.22193","volume":"58","author":"E Hofman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hofman, Elwin 2022. A\u00a0Useful Science. Criminal Interrogation and the Turn in Psychology in Germany around 1800. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 58: 319\u201334.","journal-title":"Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"432_CR26","volume-title":"Geschichte des Strafprozesses in Deutschland 1532\u20131846. Von der Carolina Karls V. bis zu den Reformen des Vorm\u00e4rz","author":"A Ignor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ignor, Alexander 2002. Geschichte des Strafprozesses in Deutschland 1532\u20131846. Von der Carolina Karls V. bis zu den Reformen des Vorm\u00e4rz. Munich\/Vienna\/Zurich: Ferdinand Sch\u00f6ningh."},{"key":"432_CR27","first-page":"354","volume-title":"St\u00e4dtische Gesellschaft und Polizei. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Sozialgeschichte der Polizei in Gelsenkirchen","author":"S Jeran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeran, Stefanie and Tanja Guski 2005. Frauen in der Polizei. In: Stefan Goch (ed.). St\u00e4dtische Gesellschaft und Polizei. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Sozialgeschichte der Polizei in Gelsenkirchen. Essen: Klartext: 354\u201358."},{"key":"432_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7788\/ha.1998.6.1.1","volume":"6","author":"B Kerchner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kerchner, Brigitte 1998. \u201eUnbescholtene B\u00fcrger\u201c und \u201egef\u00e4hrliche M\u00e4dchen\u201c um die Jahrhundertwende. Was der Fall Sternberg f\u00fcr die aktuelle Debatte zum sexuellen Mi\u00dfbrauch an Kindern bedeutet. Historische Anthropologie 6: 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Historische Anthropologie"},{"key":"432_CR28","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Mi\u00dfhandlung, Vernachl\u00e4ssigung und sexuelle Gewalt in Erziehungsverh\u00e4ltnissen","author":"B Kerchner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kerchner, Brigitte 2000. Kinderl\u00fcgen? Zur Kulturgeschichte des sexuellen Mi\u00dfbrauchs. In: Urte Finger-Trescher and Heinz Krebs (eds.). Mi\u00dfhandlung, Vernachl\u00e4ssigung und sexuelle Gewalt in Erziehungsverh\u00e4ltnissen. Gie\u00dfen: Psychosozial-Verlag: 15\u201341."},{"key":"432_CR30","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Resilienz. Disziplin\u00e4re Perspektiven","author":"B Kleeberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kleeberg, Bernhard 2023. Epistemologische Resilienz. Zur Sozialpsychologie der Wahrheit. In: Gunnar Folke Schuppert (ed.). Resilienz. Disziplin\u00e4re Perspektiven. Baden-Baden: Nomos: 11\u201326."},{"key":"432_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2307\/369179","volume":"40","author":"M Lamberti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lamberti, Marjorie 2000. Radical Schoolteachers and the Origins of the Progressive Education Movement in Germany, 1900\u20131914. History of Education Quarterly 40: 22\u201348.","journal-title":"History of Education Quarterly"},{"key":"432_CR31","volume-title":"The politics of education. Teachers and school reform in Weimar Germany","author":"M Lamberti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lamberti, Marjorie 2002. The Politics of Education. Teachers and School Reform in Weimar Germany. New York\/Oxford: Berghahn Books."},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1515\/mks-1906-030139","volume":"3","author":"M Lederer","year":"1906","unstructured":"Lederer, Max 1906\/7. Die Verwendung der psychologischen Tatbestandsdiagnostik in der Strafrechtspraxis. Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Kriminalpsychologie und Strafrechtsreform 3 (3): 163\u201372.","journal-title":"Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Kriminalpsychologie und Strafrechtsreform"},{"key":"432_CR34","volume-title":"Minderj\u00e4hrige \u201eGesch\u00e4digte\u201c als Zeugen in Sittlichkeitsprozessen","author":"I Matthes","year":"1957","unstructured":"Matthes, Ilse 1957. Minderj\u00e4hrige \u201eGesch\u00e4digte\u201c als Zeugen in Sittlichkeitsprozessen. Cologne: Dissertation, University of Cologne."},{"key":"432_CR35","volume-title":"Schlu\u00dfbericht (Protokoll) \u00fcber das Seminar f\u00fcr leitende Beamtinnen der WKP und Leiter gr\u00f6\u00dferer Kriminaldienststellen mit WKP vom 4.\u20138.\u00a0Oktober 1971","author":"I Matthes","year":"1971","unstructured":"Matthes, Ilse 1971. Schlu\u00dfbericht (Protokoll) \u00fcber das Seminar f\u00fcr leitende Beamtinnen der WKP und Leiter gr\u00f6\u00dferer Kriminaldienststellen mit WKP vom 4.\u20138.\u00a0Oktober 1971. Typescript."},{"key":"432_CR36","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Verhandlungen des 6.\u00a0Deutschen Jugendgerichtstages Heidelberg, 17.\u201319.\u00a0September 1924","author":"C Meyer","year":"1925","unstructured":"Meyer, Charlotte 1925. Zeugenaussagen von Kindern und Jugendlichen. In: Vereinigung f\u00fcr Jugendgerichte und Jugendgerichtshilfen (ed.). Verhandlungen des 6.\u00a0Deutschen Jugendgerichtstages Heidelberg, 17.\u201319.\u00a0September 1924. Berlin: Julius Springer: 58\u201365."},{"key":"432_CR37","volume-title":"Kinder vor Gericht","author":"W Mohr","year":"1909","unstructured":"Mohr, Wilhelmine 1909. Kinder vor Gericht. Berlin: Modern-P\u00e4dagogischer und Psychologischer Verlag."},{"key":"432_CR40","volume-title":"La aportaci\u00f3n de Karl Marbe a\u00a0la psciologia","author":"A M\u00fclberger","year":"1994","unstructured":"M\u00fclberger, Annette 1994. La aportaci\u00f3n de Karl Marbe a\u00a0la psciologia. Barcelona: PhD thesis, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona."},{"key":"432_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5771\/9783845213002-133","volume-title":"Psychologie als Argument in der juristischen Literatur des Kaiserreichs","author":"A M\u00fclberger","year":"2009","unstructured":"M\u00fclberger, Annette 2009a. Karl Marbe und die Anwendung der Psychologie im Rechtswesen vor dem ersten Weltkrieg. In: Matthias Schmoeckel (ed.). Psychologie als Argument in der juristischen Literatur des Kaiserreichs. Baden-Baden: Nomos: 133\u201353."},{"key":"432_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015993","volume":"12","author":"A M\u00fclberger","year":"2009","unstructured":"M\u00fclberger, Annette 2009b. Teaching psychology to jurists. Initiatives and reactions prior to World War\u00a0I. History of Psychology 12: 60\u201386.","journal-title":"History of Psychology"},{"key":"432_CR41","volume-title":"Der Weg in das Jugendschutzlager Moringen. Eine entwicklungsgeschichtliche Analyse nationalsozialistischer Jugendpolitik","author":"M Neugebauer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Neugebauer, Manuela 1997. Der Weg in das Jugendschutzlager Moringen. Eine entwicklungsgeschichtliche Analyse nationalsozialistischer Jugendpolitik. M\u00f6nchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg."},{"key":"432_CR42","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Geschichte und Emanzipation. Festschrift f\u00fcr Reinhard R\u00fcrup","author":"U Nienhaus","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nienhaus, Ursula 1999a. Himmlers willige Komplizinnen. Weibliche Polizei im Nationalsozialismus 1937 bis 1945. In: Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Michael Gruettner, R\u00fcdiger Hachtmann (eds.). Geschichte und Emanzipation. Festschrift f\u00fcr Reinhard R\u00fcrup. Frankfurt am Main\/New York: Campus: 517\u201339."},{"key":"432_CR43","volume-title":"\u201eNicht f\u00fcr eine F\u00fchrungsposition geeignet\u2026\u201c. Josephine Erkens und die Anf\u00e4nge weiblicher Polizei in Deutschland","author":"U Nienhaus","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nienhaus, Ursula 1999b. \u201eNicht f\u00fcr eine F\u00fchrungsposition geeignet\u2026\u201c. Josephine Erkens und die Anf\u00e4nge weiblicher Polizei in Deutschland. M\u00fcnster: Westf\u00e4lisches Dampfboot."},{"key":"432_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13109\/9783666370359","volume-title":"Machtvolle Verhandlungen. Zur Kulturgeschichte der deutschen Strafjustiz, 1879\u20131924","author":"A Ortmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ortmann, Alexandra 2014. Machtvolle Verhandlungen. Zur Kulturgeschichte der deutschen Strafjustiz, 1879\u20131924. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht."},{"key":"432_CR47","volume-title":"Der Zeuge und seine Aussage im Strafprozess","author":"P Plaut","year":"1931","unstructured":"Plaut, Paul 1931. Der Zeuge und seine Aussage im Strafprozess. Leipzig: Thieme."},{"key":"432_CR45","first-page":"522","volume":"33","author":"G Radbruch","year":"1927","unstructured":"Radbruch, Gustav 1927. Sozialismus und Strafrechtsreform. Sozialistische Monatshefte 33: 522\u201326.","journal-title":"Sozialistische Monatshefte"},{"key":"432_CR46","first-page":"165","volume":"22","author":"L Raphael","year":"1996","unstructured":"Raphael, Lutz 1996. Die Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen als methodische und konzeptionelle Herausforderung f\u00fcr eine Sozialgeschichte des 20.\u00a0Jahrhunderts. Geschichte und Gesellschaft 22: 165\u201393.","journal-title":"Geschichte und Gesellschaft"},{"key":"432_CR51","volume-title":"The psychological complex. Psychology, politics and society in England, 1869\u20131939","author":"N Rose","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rose, Nikolas 1985. The Psychological Complex. Psychology, Politics and Society in England, 1869\u20131939. London: Routledge."},{"key":"432_CR50","volume-title":"Governing the soul. The shaping of the private self","author":"N Rose","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rose, Nikolas 1999. Governing the Soul. The Shaping of the Private Self. London\/New York: Free Association Books."},{"key":"432_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400827503","volume-title":"The politics of life itself. Biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century","author":"N Rose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rose, Nikolas 2007. The Politics of Life Itself. Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"432_CR48","volume-title":"Governing the present. Administering economic, social and personal life","author":"N Rose","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rose, Nikolas and Peter Miller 2008. Governing the Present. Administering Economic, Social and Personal Life. Cambridge\/Malden: Polity Press."},{"key":"432_CR52","volume-title":"M\u00fctterlichkeit als Beruf. Sozialarbeit, Sozialreform und Frauenbewegung, 1871 bis 1929","author":"C Sach\u00dfe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sach\u00dfe, Christoph 2003. M\u00fctterlichkeit als Beruf. Sozialarbeit, Sozialreform und Frauenbewegung, 1871 bis 1929. Weinheim\/Basel\/Berlin: Beltz"},{"key":"432_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.201701835","volume":"40","author":"R Sala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sala, Roberto 2017. Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen \u2013 Politisierung der Wissenschaft? Zum Verh\u00e4ltnis von Wissenschaft und Politik in der Geschichtsschreibung des 19.\u00a0und 20.\u00a0Jahrhunderts. Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 40: 333\u201349.","journal-title":"Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte"},{"volume-title":"Psychologie als Argument in der juristischen Literatur des Kaiserreichs","year":"2009","key":"432_CR54","unstructured":"Schmoeckel, Matthias (ed.) 2009. Psychologie als Argument in der juristischen Literatur des Kaiserreichs. Baden-Baden: Nomos."},{"key":"432_CR55","volume-title":"Arbeiten f\u00fcr eine bessere Welt. Frauenbewegung und Sozialreform 1890\u20131914","author":"I Schr\u00f6der","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, Iris 2001. Arbeiten f\u00fcr eine bessere Welt. Frauenbewegung und Sozialreform 1890\u20131914. Frankfurt am Main\/New York: Campus."},{"key":"432_CR56","volume-title":"Verh\u00f6r, Vernehmung, Befragung. Zu Geschichte und Dogmatik des Rechtsbegriffs der Vernehmung im Strafprozess und seine Aufl\u00f6sung im 20.\u00a0Jahrhundert","author":"A Schumann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schumann, Antje 2016. Verh\u00f6r, Vernehmung, Befragung. Zu Geschichte und Dogmatik des Rechtsbegriffs der Vernehmung im Strafprozess und seine Aufl\u00f6sung im 20.\u00a0Jahrhundert. T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck."},{"key":"432_CR57","first-page":"159","volume-title":"The Cambridge history of science. Eighteenth-century science","author":"S Shapin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shapin, Steven 2008. The Image of the Man of Science. In: Roy Porter (ed.). The Cambridge History of Science. Eighteenth-Century Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 159\u201383."},{"key":"432_CR58","first-page":"46","volume":"9","author":"M Steller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Steller, Max and Renate Volbert 1999. Wissenschaftliches Gutachten. Forensisch-aussagepsychologische Begutachtung (Glaubw\u00fcrdigkeitsbegutachtung). Praxis der Rechtspsychologie 9: 46\u2013112.","journal-title":"Praxis der Rechtspsychologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1515\/zstw.1906.26.1.180","volume":"26","author":"W Stern","year":"1906","unstructured":"Stern, William 1906. Leits\u00e4tze \u00fcber die Bedeutung der Aussagepsychologie f\u00fcr das gerichtliche Verfahren. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft 26 (1): 180\u201388.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft"},{"key":"432_CR60","volume-title":"Der Leipziger Lehrerverein, ein bedeutender Vertreter der Reformp\u00e4dagogik. Eine Studie zu seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung, seinen p\u00e4dagogischen Leistungen und seinen praktischen Erfolgen","author":"A Taubert-Striese","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taubert-Striese, Annett 1996. Der Leipziger Lehrerverein, ein bedeutender Vertreter der Reformp\u00e4dagogik. Eine Studie zu seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung, seinen p\u00e4dagogischen Leistungen und seinen praktischen Erfolgen. Frankfurt am Main et\u00a0al.: Peter Lang."},{"key":"432_CR61","volume-title":"Die Entwicklung der gerichtspsychologischen Gutachtert\u00e4tigkeit","author":"U Undeutsch","year":"1954","unstructured":"Undeutsch, Udo 1954. Die Entwicklung der gerichtspsychologischen Gutachtert\u00e4tigkeit. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe."},{"key":"432_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"M Weber","year":"1905","unstructured":"Weber, Max 1905. Die protestantische Ethik und der \u201aGeist\u2018 des Kapitalismus. Archiv f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 20: 1\u201354.","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik"},{"key":"432_CR67","first-page":"135","volume":"18","author":"R Wetzel","year":"1930","unstructured":"Wetzel, Richard 1930. Zur Technik der Kindervernehmung vor Polizei, Staatsanwaltschaft und Gericht. P\u00e4dagogisch-Psychologische Arbeiten aus dem Institut des Leipziger Lehrervereins 18: 135\u201392.","journal-title":"P\u00e4dagogisch-Psychologische Arbeiten aus dem Institut des Leipziger Lehrervereins"},{"key":"432_CR66","volume-title":"Criminal law reform in Germany","author":"R Wetzell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wetzell, Richard 1996. Criminal Law Reform in Germany. Stanford: Dissertation, Stanford University."},{"key":"432_CR65","volume-title":"Inventing the criminal. A\u00a0history of German criminology, 1880\u20131945","author":"R Wetzell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wetzell, Richard 2000. Inventing the Criminal. A\u00a0History of German Criminology, 1880\u20131945. Chapel Hill\/London: The University of North Carolina Press."},{"key":"432_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139052405.019","volume-title":"Criminals and their scientists. The history of criminology in international perspective","author":"R Wetzell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wetzell, Richard 2006. Criminology in Weimar and Nazi Germany. In: Richard Wetzell and Peter Becker (eds.). Criminals and their Scientists. The History of Criminology in International Perspective. Washington\/Cambridge: German Historical Institute\/Cambridge University Press: 401\u201323."},{"key":"432_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316691700.006","volume-title":"Beyond the racial state. Rethinking Nazi Germany","author":"R Wetzell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wetzell, Richard 2017. Eugenics, Racial Science, and Nazi Biopolitics. Was There a\u00a0Genesis of the \u201cFinal Solution\u201d from the Spirit of Science? In: Devin O.\u00a0Pendas, Mark Roseman, and Richard Wetzell (eds.). Beyond the Racial State. Rethinking Nazi Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 147\u201375."},{"key":"432_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789042027299","volume-title":"The Stepchildren of Science. Psychical Research and Parapsychology in Germany, c. 1870\u20131939","author":"H Wolffram","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wolffram, Heather 2009. The Stepchildren of Science. Psychical Research and Parapsychology in Germany, c. 1870\u20131939. Amsterdam: Rodopi."},{"key":"432_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039799","volume":"18","author":"H Wolffram","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wolffram, Heather 2015. \u201cGod Save us from Psychologists as Expert Witnesses.\u201d The Battle for Forensic Psychology in Early Twentieth-Century Germany. History of Psychology 18: 337\u201352.","journal-title":"History of Psychology"},{"key":"432_CR69","volume-title":"Forensic psychology in German-speaking europe. Witnessing crime, 1880\u20131939","author":"H Wolffram","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wolffram, Heather 2018. Forensic Psychology in German-Speaking Europe. Witnessing Crime, 1880\u20131939. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"432_CR68","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Crime and the construction of forensic objectivity","author":"H Wolffram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolffram, Heather 2020. \u201cChildren\u2019s Lies\u201d: The Weimar Press as Psychological Expert in Child Sex Abuse Trials. In: Alison Adam (ed.). Crime and the Construction of Forensic Objectivity. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan: 257\u201378."},{"key":"432_CR72","volume-title":"Geschichte der Sozialarbeit als Beruf. Bilder und Dokumente (1893\u20131939)","author":"S Zeller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zeller, Susanne 1994. Geschichte der Sozialarbeit als Beruf. Bilder und Dokumente (1893\u20131939). Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus."}],"container-title":["NTM Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00048-025-00432-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00048-025-00432-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00048-025-00432-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T08:16:39Z","timestamp":1764576999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00048-025-00432-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00048-025-00432-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-6978","1420-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0036-6978"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1420-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}