{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:13:20Z","timestamp":1786979600559,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orofac Orthop"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the changes of the soft tissue profile in relation to the displacement of the underlying hard structures in maxillary orthognathic surgery and to contribute to the esthetic prediction of the facial profile after surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed the sagittal changes in the facial soft tissue profile related to surgical changes in skeletal structures after maxillary osteotomy in a\u00a0retrospective study. The study sample comprised 115 adult patients between the ages of 18\u201350\u00a0years who had undergone maxillary orthognathic surgery and interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany. LeFort\u00a0I osteotomy cases in both maxillary monognathic and bignathic osteotomy procedures were included. All subjects had received rigid fixation. A\u00a0cephalometric analysis of presurgical and postsurgical cephalograms was performed and the correlations between hard tissue and soft tissue change ratios were evaluated using a\u00a0bivariate linear regression analysis. A\u00a0vertical line through the landmark sella\u00a0(S) perpendicular to the nasion-sella line (NSL) served as the reference plane.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The subnasale (Sn) followed the A\u00a0point\u00a0(A) by 57%, the soft tissue A\u00a0point\u00a0(A\u2032) followed the A\u00a0point\u00a0(A) by 73% and the upper lip, represented by the landmark labrale superius (Ls) followed the upper incisor (Is) by 73%; all three in a\u00a0linear correlation with a\u00a0mean prediction error of nearly 2\u202fmm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The scatterplots show a\u00a0linear correlation with a\u00a0wide spread for all three pairs of reference points. The wide spread and the high prediction error of almost 2\u202fmm indicate low predictability of the expected lip position and Sn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-021-00294-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T11:03:30Z","timestamp":1619003010000},"page":"215-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Changes in the facial soft tissue profile after maxillary orthognathic surgery","Ver\u00e4nderungen des fazialen Weichgewebeprofils nach maxill\u00e4rer orthognather Chirurgie"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Rupperti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Winterhalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Krennmair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Holberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Holberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Mast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Rudzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"294_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/37010910","volume":"41","author":"SF Albarakati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Albarakati\u00a0SF, Kula\u00a0KS, Ghoneima\u00a0AA (2012) The reliability and reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a\u00a0comparison of conventional and digital methods. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 41:11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/dmfr\/37010910","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"294_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.281.6251.1336","volume":"281","author":"DG Altman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Altman\u00a0DG (1980) Statistics and ethics in medical research: III how large a\u00a0sample? Br Med\u00a0J 281:1336\u20131338","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"294_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.10.019","volume":"45","author":"T Baherimoghaddam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baherimoghaddam\u00a0T, Tabrizi\u00a0R, Naseri\u00a0N, Pouzesh\u00a0A, Oshagh\u00a0M, Torkan\u00a0S (2016) Assessment of the changes in quality of life of patients with class II and III deformities during and after orthodontic-surgical treatment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45:476\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.10.019","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2013.06.006","volume":"43","author":"OE Becker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Becker\u00a0OE, Avelar\u00a0RL, Dolzan\u00a0AN, Haas\u00a0OL Jr., Scolari\u00a0N, de Oliveira\u00a0RB (2014) Soft and hard tissue changes in skeletal Class III patients treated with double-jaw orthognathic surgery-maxillary advancement and mandibular setback. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43:204\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2013.06.006","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR5","first-page":"959","volume":"75","author":"MT Chew","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chew\u00a0MT (2005) Soft and hard tissue changes after bimaxillary surgery in Chinese Class III patients. Angle Orthod 75:959\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(2005)75[959:SAHTCA]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.12.017","volume":"134","author":"MT Chew","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chew\u00a0MT, Sandham\u00a0A, Wong\u00a0HB (2008) Evaluation of the linearity of soft- to hard-tissue movement after orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 134:665\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.12.017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"294_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.11.022","volume":"38","author":"KE Coleta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coleta\u00a0KE, Wolford\u00a0LM, Goncalves\u00a0JR, Pinto Ados\u00a0S, Cassano\u00a0DS, Goncalves\u00a0DA (2009) Maxillo-mandibular counter-clockwise rotation and mandibular advancement with TMJ Concepts total joint prostheses: part IV\u2014soft tissue response. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38:637\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.11.022","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.09.026","volume":"65","author":"RS Conley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conley\u00a0RS, Boyd\u00a0SB (2007) Facial soft tissue changes following maxillomandibular advancement for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:1332\u20131340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2006.09.026","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp002","volume":"31","author":"M Fabre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fabre\u00a0M, Mossaz\u00a0C, Christou\u00a0P, Kiliaridis\u00a0S (2009) Orthodontists\u2019 and laypersons\u2019 aesthetic assessment of Class III subjects referred for orthognathic surgery. Eur J Orthod 31:443\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjp002","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90357-i","volume":"71","author":"V Frost","year":"1991","unstructured":"Frost\u00a0V, Peterson\u00a0G (1991) Psychological aspects of orthognathic surgery: how people respond to facial change. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 71:538\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90357-i","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"294_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2319\/032210-166.1","volume":"81","author":"BF Gribel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gribel\u00a0BF, Gribel\u00a0MN, Frazao\u00a0DC, McNamara\u00a0JA Jr., Manzi\u00a0FR (2011) Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans. Angle Orthod 81:26\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/032210-166.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.191884","volume":"27","author":"A Hariharan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hariharan\u00a0A, Diwakar\u00a0NR, Jayanthi\u00a0K, Hema\u00a0HM, Deepukrishna\u00a0S, Ghaste\u00a0SR (2016) The reliability of cephalometric measurements in oral and maxillofacial imaging: cone beam computed tomography versus two-dimensional digital cephalograms. Indian J Dent Res 27:370\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-9290.191884","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"294_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-005-0422-7","volume":"66","author":"C Holberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holberg\u00a0C, Heine\u00a0AK, Geis\u00a0P, Schwenzer\u00a0K, Rudzki-Janson\u00a0I (2005) Three-dimensional soft tissue prediction using finite elements. Part II: Clinical application. J\u00a0Orofac Orthop 66:122\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-005-0422-7","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"294_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2319\/072911-475.1","volume":"82","author":"G Jakobsone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jakobsone\u00a0G, Stenvik\u00a0A, Espeland\u00a0L (2012) Importance of the vertical incisor relationship in the prediction of the soft tissue profile after Class III bimaxillary surgery. Angle Orthod 82:441\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/072911-475.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2319\/100112-775.1","volume":"83","author":"D Jokic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jokic\u00a0D, Jokic\u00a0D, Uglesic\u00a0V, Macan\u00a0D, Knezevic\u00a0P (2013) Soft tissue changes after mandibular setback and bimaxillary surgery in Class III patients. Angle Orthod 83:817\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/100112-775.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR16","first-page":"744","volume":"38","author":"HL Legan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Legan\u00a0HL, Burstone\u00a0CJ (1980) Soft tissue cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery. J\u00a0Oral Surg 38:744\u2013751","journal-title":"J Oral Surg"},{"key":"294_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.1.25","volume":"20","author":"SS Lin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lin\u00a0SS, Kerr\u00a0WJ (1998) Soft and hard tissue changes in Class III patients treated by bimaxillary surgery. Eur J Orthod 20:25\u201333","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR18","first-page":"891","volume":"32","author":"PA Lines","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lines\u00a0PA, Steinhauser\u00a0EW (1974) Soft tissue changes in relationship to movement of hard structures in orthognathic surgery: a\u00a0preliminary report. J\u00a0Oral Surg 32:891\u2013896","journal-title":"J Oral Surg"},{"key":"294_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-10-54","volume":"10","author":"C Lippold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lippold\u00a0C, Liu\u00a0X, Wangdo\u00a0K, Drerup\u00a0B, Schreiber\u00a0K, Kirschneck\u00a0C, Moiseenko\u00a0T, Danesh\u00a0G (2014) Facial landmark localization by curvature maps and profile analysis. Head Face Med 10:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-160X-10-54","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"294_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/s1010-5182(05)80052-6","volume":"18","author":"BB Lovius","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lovius\u00a0BB, Jones\u00a0RB, Pospisil\u00a0OA, Reid\u00a0D, Slade\u00a0PD, Wynne\u00a0TH (1990) The specific psychosocial effects of orthognathic surgery. J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg 18:339\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1010-5182(05)80052-6","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR21","first-page":"154","volume":"42","author":"RW McNeill","year":"1972","unstructured":"McNeill\u00a0RW, Proffit\u00a0WR, White\u00a0RP (1972) Cephalometric prediction for orthodontic surgery. Angle Orthod 42:154\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(1972)042\u30080154:CPFOS\u30092.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.112258","volume":"119","author":"KA Mobarak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mobarak\u00a0KA, Espeland\u00a0L, Krogstad\u00a0O, Lyberg\u00a0T (2001) Soft tissue profile changes following mandibular advancement surgery: predictability and long-term outcome. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 119:353\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mod.2001.112258","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"294_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.09.033","volume":"132","author":"RH Pahkala","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pahkala\u00a0RH, Kellokoski\u00a0JK (2007) Surgical-orthodontic treatment and patients\u2019 functional and psychosocial well-being. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 132:158\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.09.033","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"294_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.09.007","volume":"66","author":"JU Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park\u00a0JU, Hwang\u00a0YS (2008) Evaluation of the soft and hard tissue changes after anterior segmental osteotomy on the maxilla and mandible. J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:98\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2005.09.007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR25","first-page":"227","volume":"42","author":"SW Robinson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Robinson\u00a0SW, Speidel\u00a0TM, Isaacson\u00a0RJ, Worms\u00a0FW (1972) Soft tissue profile change produced by reduction of mandibular prognathism. Angle Orthod 42:227\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(1972)042\u30080227:STPCPB\u30092.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"294_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2609-5","author":"S Rupperti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rupperti\u00a0S, Winterhalder\u00a0P, Rudzki\u00a0I, Mast\u00a0G, Holberg\u00a0C (2018) Changes in the facial soft-tissue profile after mandibular orthognathic surgery. Clin Oral Investig. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-018-2609-5","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"294_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-012-0330-0","volume":"17","author":"J Rustemeyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rustemeyer\u00a0J, Martin\u00a0A (2013) Soft tissue response in orthognathic surgery patients treated by bimaxillary osteotomy: cephalometry compared with 2\u2011D photogrammetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg 17:33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10006-012-0330-0","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR28","volume-title":"Individualisierte Kephalometrie","author":"D Segner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Segner\u00a0D, Hasund\u00a0A (1998) Individualisierte Kephalometrie, 3rd\u00a0edn. Segner, Hamburg","edition":"3"},{"key":"294_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(96)80002-3","volume":"24","author":"EW Steinhauser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Steinhauser\u00a0EW (1996) Historical development of orthognathic surgery. J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg 24:195\u2013204","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"294_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.01.032","author":"K Wermker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wermker\u00a0K, Kleinheinz\u00a0J, Jung\u00a0S, Dirksen\u00a0D (2014) Soft tissue response and facial symmetry after orthognathic surgery. J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.01.032","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics \/ Fortschritte der Kieferorthop\u00e4die"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00056-021-00294-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00056-021-00294-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00056-021-00294-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T06:04:58Z","timestamp":1650866698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00056-021-00294-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-021-00294-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-5293","1615-6714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-5293","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-6714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"S.\u00a0Rupperti, P.\u00a0Winterhalder, S.\u00a0Krennmair, S.\u00a0Holberg, C.\u00a0Holberg, G.\u00a0Mast and I.\u00a0Rudzki declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"As a retrospective study, formal consent is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}