{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T20:24:12Z","timestamp":1770236652651,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"University of Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orofac Orthop"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adequate control of the vertical dimension is of great importance in orthodontic treatment. Although existing evidence is very limited, extraction of four premolars is thought to contribute towards improved control of anterior facial height compared with non-extraction treatment protocols. Thus, the aim of this retrospective cohort study was to compare the effect of fixed-appliance treatment with extraction of four premolars to non-extraction treatment on the skeletal vertical dimension.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A\u00a0consecutive sample of 76\u00a0children with skeletal hyperdivergence (49% male; mean age 11.9\u00a0years) was divided into two groups for treatment with either non-extraction (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u200931) or extraction of four premolars (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u200945). Baseline characteristics were comparable: overjet 5.1\u202f\u00b1\u20092.5\u202fmm, overbite 2.4\u202f\u00b1\u20091.9\u202fmm, ANB angle 4.6\u202f\u00b1\u20092.3\u00b0, and SN-ML angle 40.2\u202f\u00b1\u20093.5\u00b0. Patients were treated with standard edgewise fixed appliances with closing loops\/sliding mechanics. Vertical skeletal and dental outcomes were measured on lateral cephalograms before and after treatment. Data were analyzed with linear regression at 5%.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared to non-extraction treatment, treatment with premolar extractions had no significant effect on the SN-ML angle (difference (\u0394)\u202f=\u20090.07\u00b0; 95% confidence interval \u22120.90 to 1.01\u00b0; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.88). Statistically significant changes between the extraction and non-extraction groups were only found for the parameters SNA (\u0394\u2009\u22121.47\u00b0; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.003), ANB (\u0394\u2009\u22121.17\u00b0; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.004), SN-OP (\u0394\u2009\u22121.48\u00b0; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.04), and L1-ML (\u0394\u2009\u22126.39\u00b0; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u202f&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Orthodontic treatment of children with skeletal hyperdivergence using systematic extraction of four premolars had minimal effects on the vertical facial dimension compared to non-extraction treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-022-00418-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T14:04:58Z","timestamp":1660313098000},"page":"181-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of four premolar extractions on the vertical dimension of the face","Auswirkungen der Extraktion von 4\u00a0Pr\u00e4molaren auf die vertikale Dimension des Gesichts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"R\u00fcedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1968-3326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon N.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore","family":"Eliades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8416-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Koretsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"418_CR1","first-page":"219","volume":"41","author":"JR Isaacson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Isaacson\u00a0JR, Isaacson\u00a0RJ, Speidel\u00a0TM, Worms\u00a0FW (1971) Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations. Angle Orthod 41:219\u2013229","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR2","first-page":"19","volume":"38","author":"FF Schudy","year":"1968","unstructured":"Schudy\u00a0FF (1968) The control of vertical overbite in clinical orthodontics. Angle Orthod 38:19\u201339","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"418_CR3","first-page":"132","volume":"48","author":"LE Pearson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pearson\u00a0LE (1978) Vertical control in treatment of patients having backward-rotational growth tendencies. Angle Orthod 48(2):132\u2013140","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(99)80021-8","volume":"5","author":"RA Beane","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beane\u00a0RA (1999) Nonsurgical management of the anterior open bite: a\u00a0review of the options. Semin Orthod 5:275\u2013283","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)81334-4","volume":"104","author":"A-L Chua","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chua\u00a0A\u2011L, Lim\u00a0JYS, Lubit\u00a0EC (1993) The effects of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the growth of the lower anterior face height. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 104:361\u2013368","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.03.007","volume":"154","author":"G Kouvelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kouvelis\u00a0G, Dritsas\u00a0K, Doulis\u00a0I et\u00a0al (2018) Effect of orthodontic treatment with 4 premolar extractions compared with nonextraction treatment on the vertical dimension of the face: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 154:175\u2013187","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/24.1.25","volume":"24","author":"LA Bravo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bravo\u00a0LA, Canut\u00a0JA, Pascual\u00a0A, Bravo\u00a0B (1997) Comparison of the changes in facial profile after orthodontic treatment, with and without extractions. Br J Orthod 24:25\u201334","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1574-5","volume":"20","author":"C Kirschneck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirschneck\u00a0C, Proff\u00a0P, Reicheneder\u00a0C, Lippold\u00a0C (2016) Short-term effects of systematic premolar extraction on lip profile, vertical dimension and cephalometric parameters in borderline patients for extraction therapy\u2014a retrospective cohort study. Clin Oral Invest 20:865\u2013874","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"418_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70154-0","volume":"107","author":"SE Bishara","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bishara\u00a0SE, Cummins\u00a0DM, Jakobsen\u00a0JR, Zaher\u00a0AR (1995) Dentofacial and soft tissue changes in Class II, Division 1\u00a0cases treated with and without extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 107:28\u201337","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.05.015","volume":"140","author":"N Gkantidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gkantidis\u00a0N, Halazonetis\u00a0DJ, Alexandropoulos\u00a0E, Haralabakis\u00a0NB (2011) Treatment strategies for patients with hyperdivergent Class II Division 1 malocclusion: Is vertical dimension affected? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 140:346\u2013355","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.10.043","volume":"127","author":"SM Hayasaki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hayasaki\u00a0SM, Castanha Henriques\u00a0JF, Janson\u00a0G, de Freitas\u00a0MR (2005) Influence of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment in Japanese-Brazilians with class I and class II division 1 malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 127:30\u201336","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR12","first-page":"199","volume":"13","author":"T Hosseinzadeh-Nik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hosseinzadeh-Nik\u00a0T, Eftekhari\u00a0A, Shahroudi\u00a0AS, Kharrazifard\u00a0MJ (2016) Changes of the mandible after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four premolars. J\u00a0Dent 13:199\u2013206","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"418_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(99)70301-X","volume":"116","author":"\u0130 Kocadereli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kocadereli \u0130 (1999) The effect of first premolar extraction on vertical dimension. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 116:41\u201345","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR14","first-page":"36","volume":"73","author":"FA Basciftci","year":"2003","unstructured":"Basciftci\u00a0FA, Usumez\u00a0S (2003) Effects of extraction and nonextraction treatment on class I and class II subjects. Angle Orthod 73:36\u201342","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02215673","volume":"57","author":"C Katsaros","year":"1996","unstructured":"Katsaros\u00a0C, Ripplinger\u00a0B, H\u00f6gel\u00a0A, Berg\u00a0R (1996) Der Einflu\u00df der kieferorthop\u00e4dischen Extraktions- bzw. Nichtextraktionsbehandlung auf das Weichteilprofil. Fortschr Kieferorthop 57:354\u2013365","journal-title":"Fortschr Kieferorthop"},{"key":"418_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.5791208","author":"A R\u00fcedi","year":"2021","unstructured":"R\u00fcedi\u00a0A, Papageorgiou\u00a0SN, Eliades\u00a0T, Koretsi\u00a0V (2021) The effect of four premolar extractions on the vertical dimension of the face: a\u00a0retrospective cephalometric study [Data set]. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5791208","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"issue":"5","key":"418_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2319\/082408-447.1","volume":"79","author":"KS Al-Nimri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Nimri\u00a0KS, Hazza\u2019a\u00a0AM, Al-Omari\u00a0RM (2009) Maxillary incisor proclination effect on the position of point A in Class II division 2 malocclusion. Angle Orthod 79(5):880\u2013884","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1590\/S2176-94512012000600016","volume":"17","author":"VS Porto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Porto\u00a0VS, Henriques\u00a0JFC, Janson\u00a0G et\u00a0al (2012) Influence of treatment with and without extractions on the growth pattern of dolichofacial patients. Dental Press J Orthod 17:69\u201375","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-017-0198-5","volume":"18","author":"P Beit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beit\u00a0P, Konstantonis\u00a0D, Papagiannis\u00a0A, Eliades\u00a0T (2017) Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a\u00a0discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition. Prog Orthod 18:44","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR20","first-page":"257","volume":"63","author":"S Luppanapornlarp","year":"1993","unstructured":"Luppanapornlarp\u00a0S, Johnston\u00a0LE Jr (1993) The effects of premolar-extraction: a\u00a0long-term comparison of outcomes in \u201cclear-cut\u201d extraction and nonextraction Class II patients. Angle Orthod 63:257\u2013272","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjm051","volume":"29","author":"P Alkumru","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alkumru\u00a0P, Erdem\u00a0D, Altug-Atac\u00a0AT (2007) Evaluation of changes in the vertical facial dimension with different anchorage systems in extraction and non-extraction subjects treated by Begg fixed appliances: a\u00a0retrospective study. Eur J Orthod 29:508\u2013516","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.01.018","volume":"159","author":"SM George","year":"2021","unstructured":"George\u00a0SM, Campbell\u00a0PM, Tadlock\u00a0LP et\u00a0al (2021) Keys to class II correction: a comparison of 2 extraction protocols. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 159:333\u2013342","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR23","first-page":"17","volume":"20","author":"M Kumari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumari\u00a0M, Fida\u00a0M (2010) Vertical facial and dental arch dimensional changes in extraction vs. non-extraction orthodontic treatment. J\u00a0Coll Physicians Surg Pak 20:17","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"418_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1234","volume":"13","author":"GC Ramesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramesh\u00a0GC, Pradeep\u00a0MC, Kumar\u00a0GA et al (2012) Over-bite and vertical changes following first premolar extraction in high angle cases. J\u00a0Contemp Dent Pract 13:812\u2013818","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"418_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.05.041","volume":"133","author":"A Sivakumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sivakumar\u00a0A, Valiathan\u00a0A (2008) Cephalometric assessment of dentofacial vertical changes in Class I subjects treated with and without extraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 133:869\u2013875","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(94)70095-8","volume":"105","author":"JA Staggers","year":"1994","unstructured":"Staggers\u00a0JA (1994) Vertical changes following first premolar extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 105:19\u201324","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70011-0","volume":"108","author":"DM Sarver","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sarver\u00a0DM, Weissman\u00a0SM (1995) Nonsurgical treatment of open bite in nongrowing patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 108:651\u2013659","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"418_CR28","first-page":"75","volume":"34","author":"FF Schudy","year":"1964","unstructured":"Schudy\u00a0FF (1964) Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment. Angle Orthod 34:75\u201393","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.4.407","volume":"24","author":"A Aras","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aras\u00a0A (2002) Vertical changes following orthodontic extraction treatment in skeletal open bite subjects. Eur J Orthod 24:407\u2013416","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR30","first-page":"177","volume":"75","author":"T-K Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim\u00a0T\u2011K, Kim\u00a0J\u2011T, Mah\u00a0J et al (2005) First or second premolar extraction effects on facial vertical dimension. Angle Orthod 75:177\u2013182","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR31","first-page":"52","volume":"76","author":"KS Al-Nimri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Nimri\u00a0KS (2006) Vertical changes in class II division 1 malocclusion after premolar extractions. Angle Orthod 76:52\u201358","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"418_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318207fc7c","volume":"22","author":"MB Bracken","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bracken\u00a0MB (2011) Commentary: preregistration of epidemiology protocols: a commentary in support. Epidemiology 22:135\u2013137","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"418_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.03.008","volume":"68","author":"SN Papageorgiou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Papageorgiou\u00a0SN, Xavier\u00a0GM, Cobourne\u00a0MT (2015) Basic study design influences the results of orthodontic clinical investigations. J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol 68:1512\u20131522","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"418_CR34","first-page":"163","volume":"54","author":"F Miotti","year":"1984","unstructured":"Miotti\u00a0F (1984) The Passive Lingual Arch in First Bicuspid Extraction. Angle Orthod 54:163\u2013175","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics \/ Fortschritte der Kieferorthop\u00e4die"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00056-022-00418-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00056-022-00418-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00056-022-00418-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:03:03Z","timestamp":1713776583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00056-022-00418-2"}},"subtitle":["A\u00a0retrospective cephalometric study","Eine retrospektive kephalometrische Studie"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-022-00418-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-5293","1615-6714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-5293","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-6714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"A.\u00a0R\u00fcedi, S.N.\u00a0Papageorgiou, T.\u00a0Eliades and V.\u00a0Koretsi declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was received from the Cantonal Ethics Committee Zurich (BASEC-No.: 2020-02717). All patients or their guardians signed an informed consent prior to their treatment initiation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}