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The purpose of the present retrospective case\u2013control study was to analyze the amount and direction of unwanted tooth movements despite upper bonded retainers as well as to analyze possible predisposing pretreatment- and treatment-related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plaster casts of 1026 patients who completed orthodontic treatment and a\u00a0subsequent retention phase of 2\u00a0years were screened for unintentional tooth movements. The study group comprised 57\u00a0patients with visually obvious tooth movements in the upper jaw, while 57\u00a0randomly selected patients without visible tooth movements served as control group. For all patients, plaster casts after debonding of multibracket appliance (T1) and after supervised retention (T2) were digitized, and superimposed digitally using a\u00a0stable palatal reference area. Thereafter, translational and rotational movements were measured in all three planes of space. Pretreatment- and treatment-related factors of the study and control groups were compared by \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test, exact Fisher test, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, and the T\u2011test for independent samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean translational movements ranged between 0 and 0.6\u202fmm and the average rotational movements between 0 and 1.3\u00b0. Large individual movements up to 2.7\u202fmm translation and 15.9\u00b0 rotation were seen. A\u00a0movement pattern around the Y\u2011 and Z\u2011axis with an opposite rotational peak at the canines (\u201cupper twist effect\u201d) was identified. Compared to the control group, patients of the study group showed a\u00a0significantly smaller intercanine width pretreatment. Also, study group patients presented a\u00a0larger intercanine expansion and a\u00a0slightly larger overjet reduction during treatment, and were more often affected by retainer bonding site detachments and wire fractures, but without reaching statistically significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper bonded retainers show a\u00a0similar unwanted movement pattern (\u201ctwist effect\u201d) like the one described for mandibular retainers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-024-00545-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T06:03:17Z","timestamp":1724738597000},"page":"28-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Three-dimensional analysis of posttreatment tooth movements despite bonded retainers: part\u00a0I\u2014upper jaw","Dreidimensionale Analyse posttherapeutischer Zahnbewegungen trotz festsitzender Retainer: Teil\u00a0I\u00a0\u2013 Oberkiefer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Klaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kleinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.12968\/ortu.2011.4.4.112","volume":"4","author":"H Abudiak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abudiak\u00a0H, Shelton\u00a0A, Spencer\u00a0RJ, Burns\u00a0L, Littlewood\u00a0SJ (2011) A complication with orthodontic fixed retainers: A\u00a0case report. 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Informed consent to participate: All presented findings belong to retrospective data. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual patients and their legal guardians prior to their orthodontic treatment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}