{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:11:15Z","timestamp":1793909475085,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orofac Orthop"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish cephalometric norms for African American adults with normal occlusion and balanced soft tissue profiles in the Greater Philadelphia region and compare these findings with existing African American norms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A\u00a0total of 650 orthodontic records from adult African American subjects were reviewed. Normal occlusion was defined based on Angle\u2019s class\u00a0I molar relationship, an overbite of 20\u201330% or greater than 0\u202fmm and less than 3\u202fmm, an overjet ranging from 1\u20133\u202fmm, absence of crossbites, minor dental crowding, and gaps or rotations not exceeding 2\u202fmm, along with a\u00a0balanced facial profile. According to these criteria, 34\u00a0lateral cephalograms (25\u00a0females, 9\u00a0males; mean age 28.4\u202f\u00b1\u200912.7 years) were selected. These lateral cephalograms were digitally traced using Dolphin Imaging software (version 12.0, Chatsworth, CA, USA), and the obtained cephalometric measurements were compared with established African American norms from existing literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skeletally, African American subjects from the Greater Philadelphia region demonstrated smaller vertical measurements, characterized by reduced SN-GoGn, FMA, and Y\u2011axis angles compared to previously published norms for the African American population. The skeletal sagittal relationship indicated a\u00a0more anteriorly positioned maxilla relative to established Caucasian norms. Dental evaluations revealed a\u00a0slight increase in upper incisor inclination and a\u00a0reduced interincisal angle, as evidenced by measurements such as the 1\/to SN, 1\/to FH, and 1\/to NA angles when compared to existing African American norms. Additionally, subjects from the Greater Philadelphia region exhibited a\u00a0more protrusive lower lip compared to previously reported norms for African Americans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that cephalometric norms vary by both ethnicity and geographic region, underscoring the necessity of establishing population-specific standards to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-025-00598-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:37:53Z","timestamp":1752593873000},"page":"477-489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cephalometric norms for African Americans with normal occlusion in\u00a0the Greater Philadelphia region","Kephalometrische Normwerte f\u00fcr afroamerikanische Personen mit regelrechter Okklusion im Gro\u00dfraum Philadelphia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Lucy Eun Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank C.","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsi","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeran Helen","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"598_CR1","first-page":"45","volume":"1","author":"BH Broadbent","year":"1931","unstructured":"Broadbent\u00a0BH (1931) A new x\u2011ray technique and its application to orthodontia. 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