{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:34:51Z","timestamp":1793018091327,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Herzzentrum G\u00f6ttingen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orofac Orthop"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aligned teeth commonly convey a\u00a0positive impression to other people. This study aimed to examine the effect of malocclusion on adult facial perceptions using self-reported and quantitative measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial photographs of 15\u00a0adult patients (11\u00a0women; 47.73 years, standard deviation [SD]\u202f=\u20098.86; 12\u00a0periodontally compromised) with malocclusion were acquired before (MT0) and after treatment (MT1). The control group (CG) comprised 15\u00a0age-matched adults (12\u00a0women; 42.93 years, SD\u202f=\u20097.50) without malocclusion. In all, 37\u00a0laypersons (18\u00a0women; 41.06 years) viewed all pictures. Self-report: Participants rated each face regarding dental condition, smile valence, and friendliness. Eye-tracking: Visual attention was analyzed by entry time and fixation time on predefined face areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MT0 pictures received significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.001) more negative ratings regarding dental condition, smile valence, and friendliness. Ratings for MT1 were comparable to those of the control group. Compared with the CG, MT0 faces showed faster first fixations on the mouth (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.005) and had longer fixation durations (36.15%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.001). After treatment, the difference to the CG decreased significantly (12.38%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malocclusions have a\u00a0negative effect on the perception of individuals in terms of gaze behavior and self-reported ratings. These effects decrease after treatment, underlining the effect of orthodontic correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthodontic treatment improves facial perception and the assessment of oral regions, highlighting the psychosocial significance of orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-025-00615-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T16:05:04Z","timestamp":1760457904000},"page":"623-631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Faces with severe front tooth misalignment are particularly perceived: emotional and social perception and eye-tracking","Gesichter mit ausgepr\u00e4gten frontalen Zahnfehlstellungen werden besonders wahrgenommen: emotionale und soziale Wahrnehmung und Eye-Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Lisa-Marie","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Meyer-Marcotty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Wiechens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Quast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg W.","family":"Alpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje\u00a0B.\u00a0M.","family":"Gerdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"615_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/13576500701779247","volume":"13","author":"GW Alpers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alpers\u00a0GW (2008) Eye-catching: right hemisphere attentional bias for emotional pictures. Laterality 13(2):158\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13576500701779247","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"issue":"6","key":"615_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.6.859","volume":"76","author":"MA Brunsvold","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brunsvold\u00a0MA (2005) Pathologic tooth migration. J\u00a0Periodontol 76(6):859\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1902\/jop.2005.76.6.859","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"615_CR3","volume-title":"F\u00fcnfte Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS\u00a0V)","author":"C Cholmakow-Bodechtel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cholmakow-Bodechtel\u00a0C et\u00a0al (2016) F\u00fcnfte Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS\u00a0V). Deutscher Zahn\u00e4rzte Verlag D\u00c4V"},{"issue":"1","key":"615_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.1.109","volume":"110","author":"AH Eagly","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eagly\u00a0AH, Ashmore\u00a0RD, Makhijani\u00a0MG, Longo\u00a0LC (1991) What is beautiful is good, but\u2026: A\u00a0meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychol Bull 110(1):109\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.110.1.109","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"615_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.111.2.304","volume":"111","author":"A Feingold","year":"1992","unstructured":"Feingold\u00a0A (1992) Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychol Bull 111(2):304\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.111.2.304","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"615_CR6","volume-title":"Faziale Wahrnehmung und subjektive Beurteilung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit versus ohne unilateraler Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumensegelspalte: Eine Eye-Tracking-Studie","author":"JE Gernhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gernhardt\u00a0JE (2021) Faziale Wahrnehmung und subjektive Beurteilung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit versus ohne unilateraler Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumensegelspalte: Eine Eye-Tracking-Studie. Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen"},{"issue":"24","key":"615_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13639","volume":"49","author":"D Herrera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herrera\u00a0D, Sanz\u00a0M, Kebschull\u00a0M, Jepsen\u00a0S, Sculean\u00a0A, Berglundh\u00a0T, Papapanou\u00a0PN, Chapple\u00a0I, Tonetti\u00a0MS (2022) EFP Workshop Participants and Methodological Consultant 2022. Treatment of stage\u00a0IV periodontitis: The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J\u00a0Clin Periodontol 49(24):4\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpe.13639","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"9","key":"615_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0578","volume":"90","author":"J Hirschfeld","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirschfeld\u00a0J, Reichardt\u00a0E, Sharma\u00a0P, Hilber\u00a0A, Meyer-Marcotty\u00a0P, Stellzig-Eisenhauer\u00a0A, Schlagenhauf\u00a0U, Sickel\u00a0FE (2019) Interest in orthodontic tooth alignment in adult patients affected by periodontitis: a\u00a0questionnaire-based cross-sectional pilot study. J\u00a0Periodontol 90(9):957\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.18-0578","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"615_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2021.1902786","volume":"35","author":"TTA H\u00f6fling","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00f6fling\u00a0TTA, Alpers\u00a0GW, Gerdes\u00a0ABM, F\u00f6hl\u00a0U (2021) Automatic facial coding versus electromyography of mimicked, passive, and inhibited facial response to emotional faces. Cogn Emot 35(5):874\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2021.1902786","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"1","key":"615_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1996.tb05654.x","volume":"41","author":"J Jenny","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jenny\u00a0J, Cons\u00a0NC (1996) Establishing malocclusion severity levels on the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) scale. Aust Dent\u00a0J 41(1):43\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1996.tb05654.x","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"615_CR11","volume-title":"Pathologische Zahnwanderung der Frontz\u00e4hne im parodontal gesch\u00e4digten Gebiss","author":"L Knocks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knocks\u00a0L (2021) Pathologische Zahnwanderung der Frontz\u00e4hne im parodontal gesch\u00e4digten Gebiss. Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"615_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S377","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_480_18","volume":"9","author":"N Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar\u00a0N, Jhingta\u00a0P, Negi\u00a0KS, Bhardwaj\u00a0VK, Sharma\u00a0D, Thakur\u00a0AS (2018) Combined periodontal-orthodontic treatment of pathologic tooth migration: A\u00a0case study with 10-year follow-up. Contemp Clin Dent 9(Suppl 2):S377\u2013S381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ccd.ccd_480_18","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"615_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.3.390","volume":"126","author":"JH Langlois","year":"2000","unstructured":"Langlois\u00a0JH, Kalakanis\u00a0L, Rubenstein\u00a0AJ, Larson\u00a0A, Hallam\u00a0M, Smoot\u00a0M (2000) Maxims or myths of beauty? A\u00a0meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol Bull 126(3):390\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.126.3.390","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"615_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(75)90086-x.","volume":"68","author":"RM Little","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little\u00a0RM (1975) The Irregularity Index: a\u00a0quantitative score of mandibular anterior aZignmen. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 68(5):554\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9416(75)90086-x","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"615_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12250","volume":"42","author":"A Lukez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lukez\u00a0A, Pavlic\u00a0A, Trinajstic Zrinski\u00a0M, Spalj\u00a0S (2015) The unique contribution of elements of smile aesthetics to psychosocial well-being. J\u00a0Oral Rehabil 42(4):275\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.12250","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"615_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(78)80008-0","volume":"39","author":"TG Matthews","year":"1978","unstructured":"Matthews\u00a0TG, Blatterfein\u00a0L, Morrow\u00a0RM, Payne\u00a0SH (1978) The anatomy of a\u00a0smile. J\u00a0Prosthet Dent 39(2):128\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3913(78)80008-0","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"615_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010","volume":"28","author":"M Mehu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mehu\u00a0M, Grammer\u00a0K, Dunbar\u00a0RIM (2007) Smiles when sharing. Evol Hum Behav 28(6):415\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.010","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"615_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509359488","volume":"89","author":"P Meyer-Marcotty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyer-Marcotty\u00a0P, Gerdes\u00a0ABM, Reuther\u00a0T, Stellzig-Eisenhauer\u00a0A, Alpers GW (2010) Persons with cleft lip and palate are looked at differently. J\u00a0Dent Res 89(4):400\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034509359488","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"615_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1597\/08-244","volume":"48","author":"P Meyer-Marcotty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meyer-Marcotty\u00a0P, Gerdes\u00a0ABM, Stellzig-Eisenhauer\u00a0A, Alpers\u00a0GW (2011) Visual Face Perception of Adults with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate in Comparison to Controls\u2014An Eye-Tracking Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac\u00a0J 48(2):210\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1597\/08-244","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"11","key":"615_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03936-2","volume":"25","author":"P Meyer-Marcotty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyer-Marcotty\u00a0P, Klenke\u00a0D, Knocks\u00a0L, Santander\u00a0P, Hrasky\u00a0V, Quast\u00a0A (2021) The adult orthodontic patient over 40\u00a0years of age: association between periodontal bone loss, incisor irregularity, and increased orthodontic treatment need. Clin Oral Investig 25(11):6357\u20136364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-021-03936-2","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"615_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2002.126597","volume":"122","author":"MMA Ong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ong\u00a0MMA, Wang\u00a0H\u2011L (2002) Periodontic and orthodontic treatment in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 122(4):420\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mod.2002.126597","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"615_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.131325","volume":"18","author":"M Panwar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panwar\u00a0M, Jayan\u00a0B, Arora\u00a0V, Singh\u00a0S (2014) Orthodontic management of dentition in patients with periodontally compromised dentition. J\u00a0Indian Soc Periodontol 18(2):200\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-124X.131325","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"615_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-018-0157-x","volume":"79","author":"A Quast","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quast\u00a0A, Waschkau\u00a0J, Saptschak\u00a0J, Daratsianos\u00a0N, Jordan\u00a0K, Fromberger\u00a0P, M\u00fcller\u00a0JL, Meyer-Marcotty\u00a0P (2018) Facial perception of infants with cleft lip and palate with\/without the NAM appliance. J\u00a0Orofac Orthop 79(6):380\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-018-0157-x","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"issue":"6582","key":"615_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/381520a0","volume":"381","author":"S Thorpe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thorpe\u00a0S, Fize\u00a0D, Marlot\u00a0C (1996) Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature 381(6582):520\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/381520a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"615_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn009","volume":"30","author":"P Van der Geld","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van der Geld\u00a0P, Oosterveld\u00a0P, Kuijpers-Jagtman\u00a0AM (2008) Age-related changes of the dental aesthetic zone at rest and during spontaneous smiling and speech. Eur J Orthod 30(4):366\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjn009","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"615_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2319\/082606-349","volume":"77","author":"P Van der Geld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van der Geld\u00a0P, Oosterveld\u00a0P, Van Heck\u00a0G, Kuijpers-Jagtman\u00a0AM (2007) Smile attractiveness. Self-perception and influence on personality. angle Orthod 77(5):759\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/082606-349","journal-title":"angle Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"615_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202282009","volume":"28","author":"LA Zebrowitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zebrowitz\u00a0LA, Hall\u00a0JA, Murphy\u00a0NA, Rhodes\u00a0G (2002) Looking smart and looking good: facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28(2):238\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167202282009","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"615_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JONB.0000039648.30935.1b","volume":"28","author":"LA Zebrowitz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zebrowitz\u00a0LA, Rhodes\u00a0G (2004) Sensitivity to \u201cbad genes\u201d and the anomalous face overgeneralization effect: cue validity, cue utilization, and accuracy in judging intelligence and health. J\u00a0Nonverbal Behav 28(3):167\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JONB.0000039648.30935.1b","journal-title":"J Nonverbal Behav"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics \/ Fortschritte der Kieferorthop\u00e4die"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00056-025-00615-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00056-025-00615-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00056-025-00615-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:01:18Z","timestamp":1793016078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00056-025-00615-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-025-00615-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-5293","1615-6714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-5293","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-6714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen (ethics reference number: 18\/6\/22).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent to participate and for publication was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}