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This study, part of the M\u00fcnster Long-Term Study (MLS), aimed to investigate long-term changes in overjet with or without orthodontic treatment and to evaluate whether correcting large overjet can reduce Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) scores of maxillary incisors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eligible for inclusion in this longitudinal cohort study (MLS) were 667 primary school children who underwent two systematic orthodontic examinations between 1981 and 2001 (T0). Data collection at follow-up in 2022\u20132023 (T1) included a\u00a0clinical examination and intraoral scans to evaluate overjet, DMFT, TDI and orthodontic treatment history. Participants were divided into treated and untreated groups. Statistical analysis included Mann\u2013Whitney U tests and paired t\u2011tests, with significance set at \u03b1\u202f=\u20090.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A\u00a0total of 73\u00a0participants could be enrolled in the follow-up: 50\u00a0treated (female\/male: 27\/23; mean age 38.3\u202f\u00b1\u20095.1\u00a0years) and 23\u00a0untreated (female\/male: 10\/13; mean age 39.1\u202f\u00b1\u20096.0\u00a0years). The mean observation period was 30.0\u202f\u00b1\u20095.3\u00a0years. At T0, the mean overjet was significantly larger in the treated group than in the untreated group (4.0\u202f\u00b1\u20091.78\u202fmm vs 2.6\u202fmm \u00b1\u202f0.79,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.002). The treated group showed a\u00a0significant reduction in overjet from T0 to T1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.001), while changes in the untreated group were not significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.601). At T1, differences in overjet between groups were no longer significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.105) and there was no significant difference in DMFT scores of the maxillary incisors (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.276). TDI of the anterior teeth occurred in 30.0% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u200915) of the treated group and in 8.7% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20092) of the untreated group at T1. Logistic regression analysis showed that each millimeter increase in overjet at T0 was associated with 47% higher odds of TDI (odds ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.05\u20132.13).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthodontic treatment can effectively improve overjet in the long-term. However, it did not reduce DMFT scores of the maxillary incisors in this MLS sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-025-00633-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T13:54:04Z","timestamp":1767880444000},"page":"204-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term changes in overjet in individuals with and without orthodontic treatment","Langfristige Ver\u00e4nderungen des Overjets mit und ohne kieferorthop\u00e4dische Behandlung"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Jolina","family":"Bokan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas Q.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudius","family":"Middelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Kanemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian-Edgar","family":"Baumeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Ehmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Hohoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"633_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40.e1","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.23.6.40.e1-10.onl","volume":"23","author":"MS Alhammadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alhammadi\u00a0MS, Halboub\u00a0E, Fayed\u00a0MS et\u00a0al (2018) Global distribution of malocclusion traits: a\u00a0systematic review. 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