{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:18:43Z","timestamp":1783707523445,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orofac Orthop"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the mechanism of class\u00a0II correction using the Sander\u00a0II (S-II) appliance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a\u00a0retrospective case\u2013control study, 102 class\u00a0II patients (mean 10.46\u00a0years) treated with the S\u2011II appliance were compared to 64\u00a0untreated class\u00a0II patients. Skeletal, dental, and occlusal parameters were evaluated using lateral cephalometric radiographs before (T0) and after treatment (T1). For the quantification of sagittal changes, the Pancherz sagittal occlusion analysis was applied. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA; significance level\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.05) and G*power (Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The annual treatment effects of the S\u2011II appliance (mean diff. of \u2206\u202f=\u2009T1\u202f\u2212\u2009T0 between both groups per year) were: a)\u00a0sagittal correction of the skeletal class\u00a0II relationship by \u22121.07\u202fmm\/year [(\u2206pog\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\u202f\u2212\u2009(\u2206ss\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      )], achieved by anterior displacement of the mandible by 0.41\u202fmm\/year (\u2206pog\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and maxillary growth restriction by \u22120.66\u202fmm\/year (\u2206ss\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). b)\u00a0Retroinclination of the upper incisors by \u22120.75\u00b0\/year (\u2206U1-NSL), \u22120.68\u00b0\/year (\u2206U1-NA) and \u22120.68\u202fmm\/year [(\u2206is\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\u202f\u2212\u2009(\u2206ss\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      )]. c)\u00a0Maintenance of lower incisor inclination [(\u2206ii\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\u202f\u2212\u2009( \u2206pog\/OL\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      ): \u22120.18\u202fmm\/year]. d)\u00a0Overjet correction by 1.58\u202fmm\/year (100%) as a\u00a0result of 1.07\u202fmm\/year skeletal (68%) and 0.50\u202fmm\/year dental effects (32%). e)\u00a0Molar correction of 0.90\u202fmm\/year (100%) mainly due to skeletal effects during mixed dentition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the S\u2011II appliance effectively corrected overjet and class\u00a0II molar relation by mainly skeletal effects (ventral displacement of the mandible, maxillary growth inhibition) and minimal dental effects (reclination of upper incisors). Functional treatment with the S\u2011II appliance may facilitate later orthodontic therapy as class\u00a0II can be corrected without lower incisor proclination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-026-00677-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:42:29Z","timestamp":1783662149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment effects of the Sander\u00a0II appliance in class\u00a0II therapy","Effekte der Behandlung mit der Sander-II-Apparatur bei Klasse-II-Malokklusionen"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Corinna L.","family":"Seidel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Reischauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Baumert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Wichelhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisham","family":"Sabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"677_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003452.pub4","volume":"3","author":"KB Batista","year":"2018","unstructured":"Batista\u00a0KB, Thiruvenkatachari\u00a0B, Harrison\u00a0JE, O\u2019Brien\u00a0KD (2018) Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class\u00a0II malocclusion) in children and adolescents. 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