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Rarely, GCA can present with aggressive intracranial stenoses, which are refractory to medical therapy. Endovascular treatment (EVT) is a\u00a0possible rescue strategy to prevent ischemic complications in intracranial GCA but the safety and efficacy of EVT in this setting are not well-described.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A\u00a0systematic literature review was performed to identify case reports and series with individual patient-level data describing EVT for intracranial GCA. The clinical course, therapeutic considerations, and technique of seven endovascular treatments in a\u00a0single patient from the authors\u2019 experience are presented.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The literature review identified 9\u00a0reports of 19\u00a0treatments, including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without stenting, in 14\u00a0patients (mean age 69.6\u202f\u00b1\u20096.3\u00a0years). Out of 12\u00a0patients 8 (66.7%) with sufficient data had &gt;\u202f1 pre-existing cardiovascular risk factor. All patients had infarction on MRI while on glucocorticoids and 7\/14 (50%) progressed despite adjuvant immunosuppressive agents. Treatment was PTA alone in 15\/19 (78.9%) cases and PTA\u202f+\u2009stent in 4\/19 (21.1%). Repeat treatments were performed in 4\/14 (28.6%) of patients (PTA-only). Non-flow limiting dissection was reported in 2\/19 (10.5%) of treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>The indications, technical details, and results of PTA are discussed in a\u00a0single illustrative case. We report the novel use of intra-arterial calcium channel blocker infusion (verapamil) as adjuvant to PTA and as monotherapy, resulting in immediate improvement in cerebral blood flow.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Endovascular treatment, including PTA with or without stenting or calcium channel blocker infusion, may be effective therapies in medically refractory GCA with intracranial stenosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-022-01171-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T13:03:48Z","timestamp":1651583028000},"page":"1045-1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Endovascular Therapy for Intracranial Giant Cell Arteritis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1581-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"M. 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Amans (unrelated): Board membership: Mind Rhythm; Consultancy: Stryker Neurovascular, Covidien, MicroVention, Comments: Pipeline proctor for Covidien and PHIL DSMB for MicroVention; Patents (planned, pending or issued): Cerebral venous sinus stent, Comments: provisional patent serial number 62\/984,549. Dowd (unrelated): Chief Adjudicator for EVOLVE Flow Diverter trial. Department salary support Stryker.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants or on human tissue were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1975 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}