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The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the origin (aorta, carotid artery or right atrium) and number of air bubbles on cerebral infarctions in an experimental in vivo model.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 20\u00a0rats 1200 or 2000 highly calibrated micro air bubbles (MAB) with a\u00a0size of 85\u202f\u00b5m were injected at the aortic valve (group Ao), into the common carotid artery (group CA) or into the right atrium (group RA) using a\u00a0microcatheter via a\u00a0transfemoral access, resembling endovascular interventions in humans. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a\u00a09.4T system was performed 1\u202fh after MAB injection followed by finalization.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The number (5.5 vs. 5.5 median) and embolic patterns of infarctions did not significantly differ between groups Ao and CA. The number of infarctions were significantly higher comparing 2000 and 1200 injected MABs (6 vs. 4.5; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&lt;\u20090.001). The infarctions were significantly larger for group CA (median infarction volume: 0.41\u202fmm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> vs. 0.19\u202fmm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&lt;\u20090.001). In group RA and in the control group no infarctions were detected. Histopathological analyses showed early signs of ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Iatrogenic AEs originating at the ascending aorta cause a\u00a0similar number and pattern of cerebral infarctions compared to those with origin at the carotid artery. These findings underline the relevance and potential risk of AE occurring during endovascular interventions at the aortic valve and ascending aorta.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-023-01347-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T07:02:43Z","timestamp":1693810963000},"page":"135-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Iatrogenic Air Embolisms During Endovascular Interventions: Impact of Origin and Number of Air Bubbles on Cerebral Infarctions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Tabea C.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svenja","family":"Greive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stine","family":"Mencl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Heiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus A.","family":"M\u00f6hlenbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kleinschnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bendszus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8992-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik F.","family":"Vollherbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9190","key":"1347_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07083-X","volume":"354","author":"M Bendszus","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bendszus\u00a0M, et\u00a0al. 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M.\u00a0Bendszus reports board membership: DSMB Vascular Dynamics; consultancy: Roche, Guerbet, Codman; grants\/grants pending: DFG, Hopp Foundation, Novartis, Siemens, Guerbet, Stryker, Covidien; payment for lectures (including service on speaker bureaus): Novartis, Roche, Guerbet, Teva, Bayer, Codman. D.F.\u00a0Vollherbst reports consultancy for Medtronic and paid lectures for Cerenovus, and a\u00a0research grant by MicroVention (unrelated to this work). T.C.\u00a0Schaefer, S.\u00a0Greive, S.\u00a0Mencl, S.\u00a0Heiland, M.\u00a0Kramer, and C.\u00a0Kleinschnitz declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All experiments were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament). State Animal Care and Ethics Committee approval was obtained (registry number: 35-9185.81\/G-183\/20).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}