{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:30:32Z","timestamp":1787841032988,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005713","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Neuroradiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The recently published 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria unified and expanded the diagnosis of MS towards a\u00a0\u201cbiological diagnosis\u201d and incorporated new MR imaging (bio)markers. Most prominently, they now incorporate imaging of the optic nerve as the fifth topography for dissemination in space (DIS), as well as the central vein sign (CVS) and paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs), to facilitate an earlier diagnosis of MS. In addition, certain new MRI measures, such as slowly expanding lesions (SELs) and particularly PRLs, are increasingly used in clinical trials and may enter routine clinical practice in the near future. These developments, along with the 2024 MAGNIMS-NAIMS-CMSC consensus recommendations, suggest a\u00a0different role for MRI in managing patients with MS and expansion of the MRI acquisition protocols, reading, and interpretation. Here, an imaging expert panel of the German Society of Neuroradiology (DGNR) established consensus recommendations on the role of MRI in the management of patients with suspected or definite MS, endorsed by the German Society of Neurology (DGN). These recommendations incorporate these new developments into the context of the German healthcare system. We suggest minor modifications to the acquisition protocol outlined in the 2024 McDonald criteria and the MAGNIMS-NAIMS-CMSC consensus recommendations. For patients with inconclusive imaging findings and in specific diagnostic situations, we recommend changes to MRI acquisition protocols that incorporate susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences to demonstrate CVS and PRLs, as well as optic nerve imaging. Additionally, we provide recommendations on the use of MRI for treatment monitoring, including progressive MS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-026-01670-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:51:26Z","timestamp":1779771086000},"page":"831-854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Expert Panel Consensus Guidelines of the German Society of Neuroradiology on the Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mike P.","family":"Wattjes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Lukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6nke","family":"Langner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagen H.","family":"Kitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Scheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas J.","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Wiestler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1670_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","volume":"378","author":"DS Reich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reich\u00a0DS, Lucchinetti\u00a0CF, Calabresi\u00a0PA. 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Wattjes received speaker or consultancy honoraria from Alexion, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Biologix, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eisai, Genilac, Imcyse, IXICO, Icometrix, Lilly, Medison, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Spinger Healthcare, Sanofi-Genzyme, Viatris. C. Lukas has received consulting and speaker\u2019s honoraria from Biogen Idec, Bayer HealthCare, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck Serono, Novartis and Sanofi. S. Langner has received speaker honoraria from Novartis. H.H. Kitzler has received travel grants, speaker honoraria, financial research support, and consultancy fees from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Novartis, Siemens, and Teva; served on advisory boards for Biogen, Ixico, and Novartis; received research grants from Novartis. M. Scheel has received speaker honoraria from Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. He has received research funding from the German Research Foundation, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, the Volkswagen Foundation, and the Berlin Institute of Health. He holds patents related to the 3D printing of computed tomography models. He serves as CEO of MSC3D, a firm specializing in medical 3D printing consultancy. All activities are unrelated to this work. A.J. Bartsch received speaker or advisory honoraria from Novartis, Siemens Healthineers AG, EISAI, Noras MRI Products, QuantCo\/Virdx, and Digitas, and research funding from BMEP, DAAD, DFG, and the Doppelfeld Foundation. B. Wiestler received speaker honoraria from Merck, Novartis and Philips, and research funding from DFG, EU, NIH, BMFTR, BMWi, and bayern.innovativ. He holds stock options from Need and Ahead Health.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}