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These patients were compared to a\u00a0control group of 55\u00a0patients who received CRT with a\u00a0total of &lt;78\u202fGy in 37\u201339\u00a0fractions delivered over circa 8\u00a0weeks. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was conducted using daily image-guided (cone beam CT) volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and a\u00a0simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) for both groups to protect the rectum. Acute toxicities were evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5, whereas chronic toxicities were assessed in accordance with LENT-SOMA. Patient traits were compared by implementing t\u2011tests and Wilcoxon\u2013Whitney tests for continuous variables, whereas discrete characteristics were evaluated by applying two-tailed Fisher\u2019s exact tests. In addition, we calculated average treatment effects (ATE). Thereby, propensity score matching (PSM) based on nearest-neighbor matching considering age, comorbidities, and risk stratification as covariates was applied. The statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 14.2 (StataCorp LLC, TX, USA).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As confirmed by the descriptive tests, the ATE revealed that the intensity and occurrence of urinary frequency (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.034) and proctitis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.027) significantly decreased for the HRT group, whereas all other acute toxicities did not differ significantly between the HRT and CRT groups. For late toxicities, neither statistical tests nor ATE estimation showed significant differences. Also, no significant difference was found regarding the decrease in prostate specific antigen (PSA) after a\u00a0median follow-up of 13\u00a0months (range 2\u201328\u00a0months), which indicates biochemical freedom from progression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HRT offers several medical and economic advantages and should therefore be considered as a\u00a0useful alternative to CRT.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-020-01589-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T13:03:03Z","timestamp":1581339783000},"page":"598-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Moderately HRT vs. CRT for localized prostate cancer using image-guided VMAT with SIB: evaluation of acute and late toxicities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Stratos","family":"Vassis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"N\u00f6ldeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph A.","family":"von Klot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Merten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1589_CR1","unstructured":"Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, Deutsche Krebshilfe, AWMF) Interdisziplin\u00e4re Leitlinie der Qualit\u00e4t S3 zur Fr\u00fcherkennung, Diagnose und Therapie der verschiedenen Stadien des Prostatakarzinoms, Langversion 5.0, 2018, AWMF Registernummer: 043\/022OL. http:\/\/www.leitlinienprogramm-onkolo-gie.de\/leitlinien\/prostatakarzinom\/. 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