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Overall survival was investigated with respect to histological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Kaplan\u2013Meier and multivariate Cox statistics were calculated. A\u00a0propensity score-matched analysis of the FSRT and CIRT groups using variables from a\u00a0validated prognosis score was carried out.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The type of reirradiation (CIRT vs. FSRT) significantly influenced overall survival\u20148.0\u00a0months vs. 6.5\u00a0months (univariate: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.046)\u2014and remained an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.017). Propensity score-adjusted analysis with CIRT versus FSRT as the dependent variable yielded a\u00a0significant overall survival advantage for the CIRT group (median OS 8.9 versus 7.2\u00a0months, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u20090.041, 1\u2011year survival 29 versus 10%). Adverse events (AE) were evaluated for both subgroups. For the FSRT group no toxicity \u2265\u202fgrade\u00a04 occurred. For the CIRT subgroup no grade 5\u202fAE occurred, but 1\u00a0patient developed a\u00a0grade\u00a04 radionecrosis. We encountered 4\u00a0grade\u00a03 toxicities. One patient developed a\u00a0zoster at the trunk, 2\u00a0progressed in their paresis, and 1\u00a0featured progressive dysesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In conclusion, carbon ion treatment is a\u00a0safe and feasible treatment option for recurrent glioblastoma. Due to the retrospective nature of the study and two different dose levels for CIRT or FSRT, the improved outcome in CIRT reirradiation might be an effect of higher biological impact from carbon ions or a\u00a0simple dose-escalation effect. This hypothesis needs prospective testing in larger patient cohorts. A\u00a0prospective phase\u00a0III randomized trial is in preparation at our center.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-021-01844-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T18:02:38Z","timestamp":1631642558000},"page":"427-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparison of carbon ion and photon reirradiation for recurrent glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. 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