{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:14:16Z","timestamp":1784549656821,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Strahlenther Onkol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-026-02525-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:45:13Z","timestamp":1776858313000},"page":"760-784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interactions and communications in the glioblastoma microenvironment: potential targets for chemo-\/radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"Qamar","family":"Abuhassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-6747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamzeh","family":"J. Al-Ameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subbulakshmi","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya Priyadarshini","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. Ramesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipasha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Singh Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nargiza","family":"Goyibova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seker-Polat F, Pinarbasi Degirmenci N, Solaroglu I, Bagci-Onder T.\u00a0Tumor cell infiltration into the brain in glioblastoma: from mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Cancers. 2022;14(2):443.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020443"},{"key":"2525_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell JS, Koffie RM, Rattani A, Dewan MC, Baticulon RE, Qureshi MM, Wahjoepramono EJ, Rosseau G, Park K, Nahed BV. Global incidence of brain and spinal tumors by geographic region and income level based on cancer registry data. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2019;66:121\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.05.003"},{"key":"2525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolov E, Dietrich J, Cole AJ. The complexities underlying epilepsy in people with glioblastoma. The Lancet Neurology. 2023;22(6):505\u2013516.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00031-5"},{"key":"2525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Au TH, Willis C, Reblin M, Peters KB, Nghiemphu PL, Taylor JW, Colman H, Cohen AL, Ormond DR, Chakravarti A. Caregiver burden by treatment and clinical characteristics of patients with glioblastoma. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2022;30(2):1365\u20131375.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06514-0"},{"key":"2525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seekatz B, Lukasczik M, L\u00f6hr M, Ehrmann K, Schuler M, Ke\u00dfler AF, Neuderth S, Ernestus R\u2011I, van Oorschot B. Screening for symptom burden and supportive needs of patients with glioblastoma and brain metastases and their caregivers in relation to their use of specialized palliative care. Supportive care in cancer. 2017;25(9):2761\u20132770.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-3687-7"},{"key":"2525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, Van Den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, Belanger K, Brandes AA, Marosi C, Bogdahn U. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. New England journal of medicine. 2005;352(10):987\u2013996.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330"},{"key":"2525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weller M, van den Bent M, Preusser M, Le Rhun E, Tonn JC, Minniti G, Bendszus M, Balana C, Chinot O, Dirven L, French P, Hegi ME, Jakola AS, Platten M, Roth P, Rud\u00e0 R, Short S, Smits M, Taphoorn MJB, von Deimling A, Westphal M, Soffietti R, Reifenberger G, Wick W. EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18(3):170\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00447-z"},{"key":"2525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, Van Den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, Allgeier A, Fisher B, Belanger K. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a\u00a0randomised phase\u00a0III study: 5\u2011year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. The lancet oncology. 2009;10(5):459\u2013466.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70025-7"},{"key":"2525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaoude DA, Moore JA, Moore MB, Twumasi-Ankrah P, Ablah E, Moore DF, Jr. Glioblastoma and Increased Survival with Longer Chemotherapy Duration. Kans J Med. 2019;12(3):65\u201369.","DOI":"10.17161\/kjm.v12i3.11795"},{"key":"2525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson CM, Choi J, Lim M. Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: lessons from glioblastoma. Nature immunology. 2019;20(9):1100\u20131109.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0433-y"},{"key":"2525_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barthel L, Hadamitzky M, Dammann P, Schedlowski M, Sure U, Thakur BK, Hetze S. Glioma: molecular signature and crossroads with tumor microenvironment. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2022;41(1):53\u201375.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-021-09997-9"},{"key":"2525_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang TJ, Jani A, Estrada JP, Ung TH, Chow DS, Soun JE, Saad S, Qureshi YH, Gartrell R, Isaacson SR. Timing of adjuvant radiotherapy in glioblastoma patients: a\u00a0single-institution experience with more than 400 patients. Neurosurgery. 2016;78(5):676\u2013682.","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001036"},{"key":"2525_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann\u00a0J, Ramakrishna R, Magge R, Wernicke AG. Advances in radiotherapy for glioblastoma. Frontiers in neurology. 2018;8:748.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00748"},{"key":"2525_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gzell C, Back M, Wheeler H, Bailey D, Foote M. Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma: the Past, the Present and the Future. Clinical Oncology. 2017;29(1):15\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2016.09.015"},{"key":"2525_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S, Wang W, Hu S, Jia B, Tuo B, Sun H, Wang Q, Liu Y, Sun Z. Radiotherapy remodels the tumor microenvironment for enhancing immunotherapeutic sensitivity. Cell Death & Disease. 2023;14(10):679.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06211-2"},{"key":"2525_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez C, Ci\u00e9rvide R, D\u00edaz A, Garrido I, Cou\u00f1ago F. Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme: Evolution, Limitations, and Molecularly Guided Future. Biomedicines. 2025;13(9):2136.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092136"},{"key":"2525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie S, Zhu Y, Yang J, Xin T, Xue S, Sun J, Mu D, Chen Z, Sun P, Yu J. Clinicopathologic analysis of microscopic tumor extension in glioma for external beam radiotherapy planning. BMC medicine. 2021;19(1):269.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02143-w"},{"key":"2525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9deville AL, Madureira PA. The role of hypoxia in glioblastoma radiotherapy resistance. Cancers. 2021;13(3):542.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030542"},{"key":"2525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victoria YY, Nguyen D, Pajonk F, Kupelian P, Kaprealian T, Selch M, Low DA, Sheng K. Incorporating cancer stem cells in radiation therapy treatment response modeling and the implication in glioblastoma multiforme treatment resistance. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2015;91(4):866\u2013875.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.12.004"},{"key":"2525_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yalamarty SSK, Filipczak N, Li X, Subhan MA, Parveen F, Ataide JA, Rajmalani BA, Torchilin VP. Mechanisms of resistance and current treatment options for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Cancers. 2023;15(7):2116.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072116"},{"key":"2525_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibouw D, Truc G, Bertaut A, Chevalier C, Aubignac L, Mirjolet C. Clinical and dosimetric study of radiotherapy for glioblastoma: three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Journal of neuro-oncology. 2018;137(2):429\u2013438.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2735-y"},{"key":"2525_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu S, Frakulli R, Lin Y. Comparison of the effectiveness of radiotherapy with 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT and PT for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a\u00a0Bayesian network meta-analysis. Cancers. 2023;15(23):5698.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235698"},{"key":"2525_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putz F, Weissmann T, Oft D, Schmidt MA, Roesch J, Siavooshhaghighi H, Filimonova I, Schmitter C, Mengling V, Bert C. FSRT vs. SRS in brain metastases\u2014differences in local control and radiation necrosis\u2014a volumetric study. Frontiers in Oncology. 2020;10:559193.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.559193"},{"key":"2525_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim TG, Lim DH. Interfractional variation of radiation target and adaptive radiotherapy for totally resected glioblastoma. Journal of Korean medical science. 2013;28(8):1233\u20131237.","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.8.1233"},{"key":"2525_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee CY. Strategies of temozolomide in future glioblastoma treatment. OncoTargets and therapy. 2017:265\u2013270.","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S120662"},{"key":"2525_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, FG Stevens M, D.\u00a0Bradshaw T. Temozolomide: mechanisms of action, repair and resistance. Current molecular pharmacology. 2012;5(1):102\u2013114.","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467211205010102"},{"key":"2525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indraccolo S, Lombardi G, Fassan M, Pasqualini L, Giunco S, Marcato R, Gasparini A, Candiotto C, Nalio S, Fiduccia P, Fanelli GN, Pambuku A, Della Puppa A, D\u2019Avella D, Bonaldi L, Gardiman MP, Bertorelle R, De Rossi A, Zagonel V. Genetic, Epigenetic, and Immunologic Profiling of MMR-Deficient Relapsed Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(6):1828\u20131837.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1892"},{"key":"2525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrugala MM, Chamberlain MC. Mechanisms of disease: temozolomide and glioblastoma\u2014look to the future. Nature clinical practice Oncology. 2008;5(8):476\u2013486.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc1155"},{"key":"2525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh N, Miner A, Hennis L, Mittal S. Mechanisms of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma\u2011a comprehensive review. Cancer drug resistance. 2021;4(1):17.","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2020.79"},{"key":"2525_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaina B. Temozolomide, procarbazine and nitrosoureas in the therapy of malignant gliomas: update of mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic implications. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(23):7442.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237442"},{"key":"2525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim MM, Umemura Y, Leung D. Bevacizumab and glioblastoma: past, present, and future directions. The Cancer Journal. 2018;24(4):180\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000326"},{"key":"2525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura R, Tanaka T, Miyake K, Yoshida K, Sasaki H. Bevacizumab for malignant gliomas: current indications, mechanisms of action and resistance, and markers of response. Brain tumor pathology. 2017;34(2):62\u201377.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-017-0284-x"},{"key":"2525_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassman AB. Procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine or temozolomide: which is the better regimen? CNS oncology. 2015;4(5):341\u2013346.","DOI":"10.2217\/cns.15.36"},{"key":"2525_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oldrini B, Vaquero-Siguero N, Mu Q, Kroon P, Zhang Y, Gal\u00e1n-Ganga M, Bao Z, Wang Z, Liu H, Sa JK. MGMT genomic rearrangements contribute to chemotherapy resistance in gliomas. Nature communications. 2020;11(1):3883.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17717-0"},{"key":"2525_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goellner EM, Grimme B, Brown AR, Lin Y\u2011C, Wang X\u2011H, Sugrue KF, Mitchell L, Trivedi RN, Tang J\u2011b, Sobol RW. Overcoming temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma via dual inhibition of NAD+ biosynthesis and base excision repair. Cancer research. 2011;71(6):2308\u20132317.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3213"},{"key":"2525_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin F, De Gooijer MC, Roig EM, Buil LC, Christner SM, Beumer JH, W\u00fcrdinger T, Beijnen JH, Van Tellingen O. ABCB1, ABCG2, and PTEN determine the response of glioblastoma to temozolomide and ABT-888 therapy. Clinical cancer research. 2014;20(10):2703\u20132713.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0084"},{"key":"2525_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barzegar Behrooz A, Talaie Z, Jusheghani F, \u0141os MJ, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Wnt and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR survival pathways as therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;23(3):1353.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031353"},{"key":"2525_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferri A, Stagni V, Baril\u00e0 D. Targeting the DNA damage response to overcome cancer drug resistance in glioblastoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(14):4910.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144910"},{"key":"2525_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahani A, Slika H, Elbeltagy A, Lee A, Peters C, Dotson T, Raj D, Tyler B. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in the treatment resistance of glioblastoma. Cancer Drug Resistance. 2025;8:12.","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2024.157"},{"key":"2525_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlatkovic T, Veldwijk MR, Giordano FA, Herskind C. Targeting cell cycle checkpoint kinases to overcome intrinsic radioresistance in brain tumor cells. Cancers. 2022;14(3):701.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030701"},{"key":"2525_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiffer D, Annovazzi L, Casalone C, Corona C, Mellai M. Glioblastoma: microenvironment and niche concept. Cancers. 2018;11(1):5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11010005"},{"key":"2525_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma P, Aaroe A, Liang J, Puduvalli VK. Tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma: Current and emerging concepts. Neuro-oncology advances. 2023;5(1):vdad009.","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad009"},{"key":"2525_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan F, Pang L, Dunterman M, Lesniak MS, Heimberger AB, Chen P. Macrophages and microglia in glioblastoma: heterogeneity, plasticity, and therapy. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2023;133(1).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163446"},{"key":"2525_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Ding H, Li Z, Peng Y, Tan H, Wang C, Huang G, Li W, Ma G, Wei W. Exploration and functionalization of M1-macrophage extracellular vesicles for effective accumulation in glioblastoma and strong synergistic therapeutic effects. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2022;7(1):74.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00894-3"},{"key":"2525_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloepper J, Riedemann L, Amoozgar Z, Seano G, Susek K, Yu V, Dalvie N, Amelung RL, Datta M, Song JW. Ang-2\/VEGF bispecific antibody reprograms macrophages and resident microglia to anti-tumor phenotype and prolongs glioblastoma survival. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016;113(16):4476\u20134481.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525360113"},{"key":"2525_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu C, Kros JM, Cheng C, Mustafa D. The contribution of tumor-associated macrophages in glioma neo-angiogenesis and implications for anti-angiogenic strategies. Neuro-oncology. 2017;19(11):1435\u20131446.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox081"},{"key":"2525_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilanc P, Wojnicki K, Roura A\u2011J, Cyranowski S, Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Ochocka N, Gielniewski B, Grzybowski MM, B\u0142aszczyk R, Sta\u0144czak PS. A\u00a0novel oral arginase\u00a01\/2 inhibitor enhances the antitumor effect of PD\u20111 inhibition in murine experimental gliomas by altering the immunosuppressive environment. Frontiers in Oncology. 2021;11:703465.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.703465"},{"key":"2525_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabrusiewicz K, Li X, Wei J, Hashimoto Y, Marisetty AL, Ott M, Wang F, Hawke D, Yu J, Healy LM. Glioblastoma stem cell-derived exosomes induce M2 macrophages and PD-L1 expression on human monocytes. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7(4):e1412909.","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1412909"},{"key":"2525_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lootens T, Roman BI, Stevens CV, De Wever O, Raedt R. Glioblastoma-associated mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts: partners in crime? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(4):2285.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042285"},{"key":"2525_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei R, Zhou J, Bui B, Liu X. Glioma actively orchestrate a\u00a0self-advantageous extracellular matrix to promote recurrence and progression. BMC cancer. 2024;24(1):974.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12751-3"},{"key":"2525_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galbo PM, Jr., Madsen AT, Liu Y, Peng M, Wei Y, Ciesielski MJ, Fenstermaker RA, Graff S, Montagna C, Segall JE, Sidoli S, Zang X, Zheng D. Functional Contribution and Clinical Implication of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Glioblastoma. Clinical Cancer Research. 2024;30(4):865\u2013876.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-0493"},{"key":"2525_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu F. Cancer-associated fibroblasts-induced remodeling of tumor immune microenvironment via Jagged1 in glioma. Cellular Signalling. 2024;115:111016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2023.111016"},{"key":"2525_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson C, Cherry C, Bom S, Dykema AG, Wang R, Thompson E, Zhang M, Li R, Ji Z, Hou W. Distinct myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations in human glioblastoma. Science. 2025;387(6731):eabm5214.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm5214"},{"key":"2525_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar V, Patel S, Tcyganov E, Gabrilovich DI. The nature of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Trends in immunology. 2016;37(3):208\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.01.004"},{"key":"2525_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi Y, Guo N, Luan J, Cheng J, Hu Z, Jiang P, Jin W, Gao X. The emerging role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the glioma immune suppressive microenvironment. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:737.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00737"},{"key":"2525_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava S, Jackson C, Kim T, Choi J, Lim M. A\u00a0characterization of dendritic cells and their role in immunotherapy in glioblastoma: from preclinical studies to clinical trials. Cancers. 2019;11(4):537.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11040537"},{"key":"2525_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu X, Jiang C, Gao Y, Xue X. Human dendritic cell subsets in the glioblastoma-associated microenvironment. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2023;383:578147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578147"},{"key":"2525_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zong J, Keskinov AA, Shurin GV, Shurin MR. Tumor-derived factors modulating dendritic cell function. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016;65(7):821\u2013833.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1820-y"},{"key":"2525_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liau LM, Black KL, Prins RM, Sykes SN, DiPatre PL, Cloughesy TF, Becker DP, Bronstein JM. Treatment of intracranial gliomas with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigens. J\u00a0Neurosurg. 1999;90(6):1115\u20131124.","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.6.1115"},{"key":"2525_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohme M, Schliffke S, Maire CL, R\u00fcnger A, Glau L, Mende KC, Matschke J, Gehbauer C, Aky\u00fcz N, Zapf S. Immunophenotyping of newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma defines distinct immune exhaustion profiles in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Clinical Cancer Research. 2018;24(17):4187\u20134200.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2617"},{"key":"2525_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhou Z, Wang X, Zhang C, Jiang X. Natural killer cell awakening: Unleash cancer-immunity cycle against glioblastoma. Cell Death & Disease. 2022;13(7):588.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05041-y"},{"key":"2525_CR62","unstructured":"Hill CM, Wang AZ, Maldonado J, Johanns TM, Petti AA, Dunn GP. Mapping CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt; T\u00a0Cell Landscapes in Glioblastoma Reveals Effectors and Bystanders. bioRxiv. 2025:2025.2009.2025.678410."},{"key":"2525_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See AP, Parker JJ, Waziri A. The role of regulatory T\u00a0cells and microglia in glioblastoma-associated immunosuppression. Journal of neuro-oncology. 2015;123(3):405\u2013412.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1849-3"},{"key":"2525_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane JR. The role of brain vasculature in glioblastoma. Molecular neurobiology. 2019;56(9):6645\u20136653.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1561-y"},{"key":"2525_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosteiro A, Pedrosa L, Ferr\u00e9s A, Diao D, Sierra \u00c0, Gonz\u00e1lez JJ. The vascular microenvironment in glioblastoma: a\u00a0comprehensive review. Biomedicines. 2022;10(6):1285.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061285"},{"key":"2525_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matuszewska K, Pereira M, Petrik D, Lawler J, Petrik J. Normalizing tumor vasculature to reduce hypoxia, enhance perfusion, and optimize therapy uptake. Cancers. 2021;13(17):4444.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174444"},{"key":"2525_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, Dai Z, Zhang H, Liang X, Zhang X, Wen Z, Luo P, Zhang J, Liu Z, Zhang M. Tumor-secreted lactate contributes to an immunosuppressive microenvironment and affects CD8 T\u2011cell infiltration in glioblastoma. Frontiers in immunology. 2023;14:894853.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.894853"},{"key":"2525_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S, Liu X, Zhang C, Shan W, Qiu X. T\u2011cell exhaustion status under high and low levels of hypoxia-inducible factor\u00a01\u03b1 expression in glioma. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2021;12:711772.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.711772"},{"key":"2525_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves ALV, Gomes IN, Carloni AC, Rosa MN, Da Silva LS, Evangelista AF, Reis RM, Silva VAO. Role of glioblastoma stem cells in cancer therapeutic resistance: a\u00a0perspective on antineoplastic agents from natural sources and chemical derivatives. Stem cell research & therapy. 2021;12(1):206.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02231-x"},{"key":"2525_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treps L, Perret R, Edmond S, Ricard D, Gavard J. Glioblastoma stem-like cells secrete the pro-angiogenic VEGF\u2011A factor in extracellular vesicles. Journal of extracellular vesicles. 2017;6(1):1359479.","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1359479"},{"key":"2525_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng P, Zhu H, Liu D, Chen Z, Zhang X, Guo Z, Dong M, Wan L, Zhang P, Liu G. TGFBI secreted by tumor-associated macrophages promotes glioblastoma stem cell-driven tumor growth via integrin \u03b1v\u03b25-Src-Stat3 signaling. Theranostics. 2022;12(9):4221.","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.69605"},{"key":"2525_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S, Zhang C, Wang B, Zhang H, Qin G, Li C, Cao L, Gao Q, Ping Y, Zhang K. Regulatory T\u00a0cells promote glioma cell stemness through TGF-\u03b2\u2013NF-\u03baB\u2013IL6\u2013STAT3 signaling. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2021;70(9):2601\u20132616.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02872-0"},{"key":"2525_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otvos B, Silver DJ, Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Alvarado AG, Turaga SM, Sorensen MD, Rayman P, Flavahan WA, Hale JS, Stoltz K. Cancer stem cell-secreted macrophage migration inhibitory factor stimulates myeloid derived suppressor cell function and facilitates glioblastoma immune evasion. Stem cells. 2016;34(8):2026\u20132039.","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2393"},{"key":"2525_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mega A, Hartmark Nilsen M, Leiss LW, Tobin NP, Miletic H, Sleire L, Strell C, Nelander S, Krona C, H\u00e4gerstrand D.\u00a0Astrocytes enhance glioblastoma growth. Glia. 2020;68(2):316\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23718"},{"key":"2525_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh HS, Johung TB, Caretti V, Noll A, Tang Y, Nagaraja S, Gibson EM, Mount CW, Polepalli J, Mitra SS. Neuronal activity promotes glioma growth through neuroligin\u20113 secretion. Cell. 2015;161(4):803\u2013816.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.04.012"},{"key":"2525_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corsi L, Mescola A, Alessandrini A. Glutamate receptors and glioblastoma multiforme: an old \u201cRoute\u201d for new perspectives. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(7):1796.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071796"},{"key":"2525_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang N\u2011N, Li X\u2011B, Zhang M, Han C, Fan X\u2011Y, Huang S\u2011H. NLGN3 upregulates expression of ADAM10 to promote the cleavage of NLGN3 via activating the LYN pathway in human gliomas. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021;9:662763.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.662763"},{"key":"2525_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feyissa AM, Rosenfeld SS, Qui\u00f1ones-Hinojosa A. Altered glutamatergic and inflammatory pathways promote glioblastoma growth, invasion, and seizures: An overview. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2022;443:120488.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120488"},{"key":"2525_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey S, Doddamani RS, Banerjee Dixit A, Tripathi M, Sharma MC, Chandra PS, Banerjee J. Altered spontaneous glutamatergic and gabaergic activity in the peritumoral cortex of low-grade gliomas presenting with history of seizures. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2021;15:689769.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.689769"},{"key":"2525_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren L, Liu C, \u00c7ifciba\u015f\u0131 K, Ballmann M, Rammes G, Reyes CM, Tokalov S, Klingl A, Gr\u00fcnert J, Goyal K. Sensory neurons drive pancreatic cancer progression through glutamatergic neuron-cancer pseudo-synapses. Cancer cell. 2025;43(12):2241-2258. e2248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.09.003"},{"key":"2525_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan AR, Silver DJ, Kint S, Gallo M, Lathia JD. Cancer stem cell hypothesis\u00a02.0 in glioblastoma: Where are we now and where are we going? Neuro-oncology. 2024;26(5):785\u2013795.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae011"},{"key":"2525_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Q\u2011Q, Dong Z\u2011K, Wang Y\u2011F, Jin W\u2011L. Reprogramming neural-tumor crosstalk: emerging therapeutic dimensions and targeting strategies. Military Medical Research. 2025;12(1):73.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00661-9"},{"key":"2525_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Hu B, Hu X, Kim H, Squatrito M, Scarpace L, deCarvalho AC, Lyu S, Li P, Li Y, Barthel F, Cho HJ, Lin YH, Satani N, Martinez-Ledesma E, Zheng S, Chang E, Sauv\u00e9 CG, Olar A, Lan ZD, Finocchiaro G, Phillips JJ, Berger MS, Gabrusiewicz KR, Wang G, Eskilsson E, Hu J, Mikkelsen T, DePinho RA, Muller F, Heimberger AB, Sulman EP, Nam DH, Verhaak RGW. Tumor Evolution of Glioma-Intrinsic Gene Expression Subtypes Associates with Immunological Changes in the Microenvironment. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(1):42\u201356.e46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.06.003"},{"key":"2525_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neftel C, Laffy J, Filbin MG, Hara T, Shore ME, Rahme GJ, Richman AR, Silverbush D, Shaw ML, Hebert CM, Dewitt J, Gritsch S, Perez EM, Gonzalez Castro LN, Lan X, Druck N, Rodman C, Dionne D, Kaplan A, Bertalan MS, Small J, Pelton K, Becker S, Bonal D, Nguyen QD, Servis RL, Fung JM, Mylvaganam R, Mayr L, Gojo J, Haberler C, Geyeregger R, Czech T, Slavc I, Nahed BV, Curry WT, Carter BS, Wakimoto H, Brastianos PK, Batchelor TT, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Martinez-Lage M, Frosch MP, Stamenkovic I, Riggi N, Rheinbay E, Monje M, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Cahill DP, Patel AP, Hunter T, Verma IM, Ligon KL, Louis DN, Regev A, Bernstein BE, Tirosh I, Suv\u00e0 ML. An Integrative Model of Cellular States, Plasticity, and Genetics for Glioblastoma. Cell. 2019;178(4):835\u2013849.e821.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.024"},{"key":"2525_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang D, Ma Y, Feng D. Mapping TAM\u2013tumor crosstalk in glioma via ligand\u2013receptor multi-omics: mechanisms of immune evasion. Frontiers in Immunology. 2025;Volume\u00a016 - 2025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1699915"},{"key":"2525_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez SMB, Kamel A, Ciubotaru GV, Onose G, Sevastre AS, Sfredel V, Danoiu S, Dricu A, Tataranu LG. An Overview of EGFR Mechanisms and Their Implications in Targeted Therapies for Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(13).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311110"},{"key":"2525_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, Tang Y, Tan Y, Wei Q, Yu W. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in radiotherapy: challenges and new opportunities. Cell Communication and Signaling. 2019;17(1):47.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-019-0362-2"},{"key":"2525_CR88","unstructured":"Delmas C, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Seva C. Characterization and Radiation Response of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts isolated from Glioblastoma. MicroPubl Biol. 2025;2025."},{"key":"2525_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raaijmakers KT, Adema GJ, Bussink J, Ansems M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor and radiotherapy: interactions in the tumor micro-environment. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2024;43(1):323.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03251-0"},{"key":"2525_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Chen Y, Xu H. Glioblastoma induces CAF-like astrocyte activation via the AKT\/mTOR\u2013SERPINH1\/COL5A1 axis. Biomolecules and Biomedicine. 2025.","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2025.13134"},{"key":"2525_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo M, Zhang S, Chen S, He Y, Li J, Xiang Y, Yuan Y, Li T, Yang W, Wang Z, Li W, Chen N, Yang Y, Zeng Y, Mao Q, Chen M, Liu Y. Cytokine CCL2 secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts augments temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma through ERK1\/2 signaling. Oncogene. 2025;44(47):4657\u20134670.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03601-y"},{"key":"2525_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardee ME, Marciscano AE, Medina-Ramirez CM, Zagzag D, Narayana A, Lonning SM, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Resistance of Glioblastoma-Initiating Cells to Radiation Mediated by the Tumor Microenvironment Can Be Abolished by Inhibiting Transforming Growth Factor\u2011\u03b2. Cancer Research. 2012;72(16):4119\u20134129.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-0546"},{"key":"2525_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandes AA, Carpentier AF, Kesari S, Sepulveda-Sanchez JM, Wheeler HR, Chinot O, Cher L, Steinbach JP, Capper D, Specenier P, Rodon J, Cleverly A, Smith C, Gueorguieva I, Miles C, Guba SC, Desaiah D, Lahn MM, Wick W. A\u00a0Phase\u00a0II randomized study of galunisertib monotherapy or galunisertib plus lomustine compared with lomustine monotherapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(8):1146\u20131156.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now009"},{"key":"2525_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wick A, Desjardins A, Suarez C, Forsyth P, Gueorguieva I, Burkholder T, Cleverly AL, Estrem ST, Wang S, Lahn MM, Guba SC, Capper D, Rodon J. Phase\u00a01b\/2a study of galunisertib, a\u00a0small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I, in combination with standard temozolomide-based radiochemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. Invest New Drugs. 2020;38(5):1570\u20131579.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-020-00910-9"},{"key":"2525_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun HT, Sun J, Rex K, Radinsky R, Kendall R, Coxon A, Burgess TL. AMG 102, a\u00a0fully human anti-hepatocyte growth factor\/scatter factor neutralizing antibody, enhances the efficacy of temozolomide or docetaxel in U\u201187 MG cells and xenografts. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(22 Pt 1):6735-6742.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2969"},{"key":"2525_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen K\u2011C, Chen P\u2011H, Ho K\u2011H, Shih C\u2011M, Chou C\u2011M, Cheng C\u2011H, Lee C\u2011C. IGF-1-enhanced miR-513a-5p signaling desensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide by targeting the NEDD4L-inhibited Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway. PLOS ONE. 2019;14(12):e0225913.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225913"},{"key":"2525_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen P\u2011H, Cheng C\u2011H, Shih C\u2011M, Ho K\u2011H, Lin C\u2011W, Lee C\u2011C, Liu A\u2011J, Chang C\u2011K, Chen K\u2011C. The Inhibition of microRNA-128 on IGF-1-Activating mTOR Signaling Involves in Temozolomide-Induced Glioma Cell Apoptotic Death. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0167096.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167096"},{"key":"2525_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao W, Wang S, Zhang R, Sohrabi A, Yu Q, Liu S, Ehsanipour A, Liang J, Bierman RD, Nathanson DA. Bioengineered scaffolds for 3D culture demonstrate extracellular matrix-mediated mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in glioblastoma. Matrix Biology. 2020;85:128\u2013146.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2019.04.003"},{"key":"2525_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo K\u2011C, Suh Y, An Y, Lee H\u2011J, Jeong YJ, Uddin N, Cui Y\u2011H, Roh T\u2011H, Shim J\u2011K, Chang JH. Proinvasive extracellular matrix remodeling in tumor microenvironment in response to radiation. Oncogene. 2018;37(24):3317\u20133328.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0199-y"},{"key":"2525_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao M, Li Z, Zheng W, Xia H, Fei Z, Yao Q, Zheng R. Collagen type\u00a0I alpha 1 induces radio-resistance in hypoxic glioblastoma cells by promoting autophagy. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2025;175(1):287\u2013301.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05132-8"},{"key":"2525_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cescon M, Rampazzo E, Bresolin S, Da Ros F, Manfreda L, Cani A, Della Puppa A, Braghetta P, Bonaldo P, Persano L. Collagen VI sustains cell stemness and chemotherapy resistance in glioblastoma. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023;80(8):233.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04887-5"},{"key":"2525_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong X, Zhang J, Zou J, Ouyang J, Xiao B, Wang P, Peng X. Role of COL6A2 in malignant progression and temozolomide resistance of glioma. Cellular Signalling. 2023;102:110560.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110560"},{"key":"2525_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X, Yu G, Zhong X, Zhong J, Chen X, Chen Q, Xue J, Yang X, Zhang X, Ling Y, Xiu Y, Deng Y, Li H, Mo W, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Qiao L, Chen S, Lu F. P4HA1 mediates YAP hydroxylation and accelerates collagen synthesis in temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma. Chin Med J (Engl). 2025;138(16):1991\u20132005.","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003679"},{"key":"2525_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Q, Xue Y, Liu J, Xi Z, Li Z, Liu Y. Fibronectin Promotes the Malignancy of Glioma Stem-Like Cells Via Modulation of Cell Adhesion, Differentiation, Proliferation and Chemoresistance. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2018;Volume\u00a011 - 2018.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00130"},{"key":"2525_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong C, Tao B, Tang F, Yang X, Peng T, You J, Xia K, Xia X, Chen L, Peng L. Remodeling cancer stemness by collagen\/fibronectin via the AKT and CDC42 signaling pathway crosstalk in glioma. Theranostics. 2021;11(4):1991\u20132005.","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.50613"},{"key":"2525_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding Y, Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhang H, Yang Y, Qin H, Xu Q, Zhao L. Oroxylin A reversed Fibronectin-induced glioma insensitivity to Temozolomide by suppressing IP3R1\/AKT\/\u03b2-catenin pathway. Life Sciences. 2020;260:118411.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118411"},{"key":"2525_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang CH, Wang Y, Sims M, Cai C, Pfeffer LM. MicroRNA\u20111 suppresses glioblastoma in preclinical models by targeting fibronectin. Cancer Letters. 2019;465:59\u201367.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.08.021"},{"key":"2525_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Jin J, Lu Y, Hang D, Zhang X, Zhao G, Wang Q, Li Y, Liu H. Collagen IV\/laminin\u20111 coated temozolomide-prodrug hydrogel for recruiting and eradicating residual glioma cells. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2025;503:158616.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.158616"},{"key":"2525_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindeman SD, Mukkamala R, Horner A, Tudi P, Booth OC, Huff R, Hinsey J, Hovstadius A, Martone P, Zhang F, Srinivasarao M, Cox A, Low PS. Fibroblast Activation Protein-Targeted Radioligand Therapy for Treatment of Solid Tumors. J\u00a0Nucl Med. 2023;64(5):759\u2013766.","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264494"},{"key":"2525_CR110","unstructured":"Jeanjean P, Kwock S, Tse C, Cloughesy T, Czernin J, Carlucci G, Nathanson D, Mona C, Besserer-Offroy E. Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) as a\u00a0Target for Radioligand Therapy in Glioblastoma. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2022;63(supplement\u00a02):4050."},{"key":"2525_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy BC, Showers CR, Anderson DE, Anderson L, Canoll P, Bruce JN, Anderson RC. Tumor-associated macrophages in glioma: friend or foe? Journal of oncology. 2013;2013(1):486912.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/486912"},{"key":"2525_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takenaka MC, Gabriely G, Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni ID, Wheeler MA, Chao C\u2011C, Guti\u00e9rrez-V\u00e1zquez C, Kenison J, Tjon EC, Barroso A. Control of tumor-associated macrophages and T\u00a0cells in glioblastoma via AHR and CD39. Nature neuroscience. 2019;22(5):729\u2013740.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0370-y"},{"key":"2525_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyonteck SM, Akkari L, Schuhmacher AJ, Bowman RL, Sevenich L, Quail DF, Olson OC, Quick ML, Huse JT, Teijeiro V. CSF-1R inhibition alters macrophage polarization and blocks glioma progression. Nature medicine. 2013;19(10):1264\u20131272.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3337"},{"key":"2525_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang C, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zhu Z, Zeng X, Liang W, Sun S, Chen X, Wang H. Radiated glioblastoma cell-derived exosomal circ_0012381 induce M2 polarization of microglia to promote the growth of glioblastoma by CCL2\/CCR2 axis. J\u00a0Transl Med. 2022;20(1):388.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03607-0"},{"key":"2525_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown JM. Radiation Damage to Tumor Vasculature Initiates a\u00a0Program That Promotes Tumor Recurrences. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2020;108(3):734\u2013744.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.05.028"},{"key":"2525_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang C\u2011S, Fu S\u2011Y, Wang S\u2011C, Yu C\u2011F, Chen F\u2011H, Lin C\u2011M, Hong J\u2011H. Irradiation Promotes an M2 Macrophage Phenotype in Tumor Hypoxia. Frontiers in Oncology. 2012;Volume\u00a02 - 2012.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00089"},{"key":"2525_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X, Huang Y, Qi Y, Wu S, Hu F, Wang J, Shu K, Zhang H, Bartsch JW, Nimsky C, Dong F, Lei T. The GBM Tumor Microenvironment as a\u00a0Modulator of Therapy Response: ADAM8 Causes Tumor Infiltration of Tams through HB-EGF\/EGFR-Mediated CCL2 Expression and Overcomes TMZ Chemosensitization in Glioblastoma. Cancers. 2022;14(19):4910.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194910"},{"key":"2525_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo M, Zhang S, Chen S, Xiang Y, Yuan Y, Li T, Yang W, Wang Z, He Y, Li W. Glioma-associated fibroblasts promote glioblastoma resistance to temozolomide through CCL2-CCR2 paracrine signaling. bioRxiv. 2024:2024.2003. 2005.581575.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.05.581575"},{"key":"2525_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren J, Xu B, Ren J, Liu Z, Cai L, Zhang X, Wang W, Li S, Jin L, Ding L. The Importance of M1-and M2-Polarized Macrophages in Glioma and as Potential Treatment Targets. Brain Sci. 2023;13(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091269"},{"key":"2525_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruy\u00e8re C, Mijatovic T, Lonez C, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Berger W, Kast RE, Ruysschaert J\u2011M, Kiss R, Lefranc F. Temozolomide-induced modification of the CXC chemokine network in experimental gliomas Corrigendum in\/ijo\/38\/6\/1767. International journal of oncology. 2011;38(5):1453\u20131464.","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2011.964"},{"key":"2525_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leblond MM, P\u00e9r\u00e8s EA, Helaine C, G\u00e9rault AN, Moulin D, Anfray C, Divoux D, Petit E, Bernaudin M, Valable S. M2 macrophages are more resistant than M1 macrophages following radiation therapy in the context of glioblastoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8(42):72597\u201372612.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19994"},{"key":"2525_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecoultre M, Chliate S, Espinoza FI, Tankov S, Dutoit V, Walker PR. Radio-chemotherapy of glioblastoma cells promotes phagocytosis by macrophages in vitro. Radiother Oncol. 2024;190:110049.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.110049"},{"key":"2525_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkari L, Bowman RL, Tessier J, Klemm F, Handgraaf SM, de Groot M, Quail DF, Tillard L, Gadiot J, Huse JT, Brandsma D, Westerga J, Watts C, Joyce JA. Dynamic changes in glioma macrophage populations after radiotherapy reveal CSF-1R inhibition as a\u00a0strategy to overcome resistance. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(552).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw7843"},{"key":"2525_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butowski N, Colman H, De Groot JF, Omuro AM, Nayak L, Wen PY, Cloughesy TF, Marimuthu A, Haidar S, Perry A, Huse J, Phillips J, West BL, Nolop KB, Hsu HH, Ligon KL, Molinaro AM, Prados M. Orally administered colony stimulating factor\u00a01 receptor inhibitor PLX3397 in recurrent glioblastoma: an Ivy Foundation Early Phase Clinical Trials Consortium phase\u00a0II study. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(4):557\u2013564.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov245"},{"key":"2525_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao R, Han R, Ogurek S, Xue C, Wu LM, Zhang L, Zhang L, Hu J, Phoenix TN, Waggoner SN, Lu QR. Glioblastoma genetic drivers dictate the function of tumor-associated macrophages\/microglia and responses to CSF1R inhibition. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(4):584\u2013597.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab228"},{"key":"2525_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rios A, Hsu SH, Blanco A, Buryanek J, Day AL, McGuire MF, Brown RE. Durable response of glioblastoma to adjuvant therapy consisting of temozolomide and a\u00a0weekly dose of AMD3100 (plerixafor), a\u00a0CXCR4 inhibitor, together with lapatinib, metformin and niacinamide. Oncoscience. 2016;3(5-6):156-163.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.311"},{"key":"2525_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao T, Gu Y, Yagmurlu B, Yerraballa HP, Bertrand S, Naya L, Miller K, Iv M, Soltys SG, Patel CB, Nagpal S, Thomas RP, Brown M, Recht LD. A\u00a0phase\u00a0II study of plerixafor combined with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2024;42(16_suppl):2075-2075.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.2075"},{"key":"2525_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas RP, Nagpal S, Iv M, Soltys SG, Bertrand S, Pelpola JS, Ball R, Yang J, Sundaram V, Lavezo J, Born D, Vogel H, Brown JM, Recht LD. Macrophage Exclusion after Radiation Therapy (MERT): A\u00a0First in Human Phase\u00a0I\/II Trial using a\u00a0CXCR4 Inhibitor in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(23):6948\u20136957.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1421"},{"key":"2525_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trettel F, Di Bartolomeo S, Lauro C, Catalano M, Ciotti MT, Limatola C. Ligand-independent CXCR2 dimerization. J\u00a0Biol Chem. 2003;278(42):40980\u201340988.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306815200"},{"key":"2525_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbantat RM, Jelgersma C, Brandenburg S, Nieminen-Kelh\u00e4 M, Kremenetskaia I, Zollfrank J, Mueller S, Rubarth K, Koch A, Vajkoczy P, Acker G. Tumor-Associated Microglia\/Macrophages as a\u00a0Predictor for Survival in Glioblastoma and Temozolomide-Induced Changes in CXCR2 Signaling with New Resistance Overcoming Strategy by Combination Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(20):11180.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011180"},{"key":"2525_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Z, Zhang C, Najafi M. Targeting of the tumor immune microenvironment by metformin. Journal of cell communication and signaling. 2022;16(3):333\u2013348.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-021-00648-w"},{"key":"2525_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashrafizadeh M, Farhood B, Musa AE, Taeb S, Najafi M. The interactions and communications in tumor resistance to radiotherapy: Therapy perspectives. International immunopharmacology. 2020;87:106807.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106807"},{"key":"2525_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gameiro SR, Jammeh ML, Wattenberg MM, Tsang KY, Ferrone S, Hodge JW. Radiation-induced immunogenic modulation of tumor enhances antigen processing and calreticulin exposure, resulting in enhanced T\u2011cell killing. Oncotarget. 2014;5(2):403\u2013416.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1719"},{"key":"2525_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashrafizadeh M, Farhood B, Eleojo Musa A, Taeb S, Najafi M. The interactions and communications in tumor resistance to radiotherapy: Therapy perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;87:106807.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106807"},{"key":"2525_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenlund LK, Berkseth M, Shanley R, Sando N, Golden L, Wieworka J, Bergerud KB, Olin M, Pluhar GE, Arnold S, Lawrence J, Venteicher A, Chen C, Ferreira C, Neil E, Dusenbery KE, Ganguly S, Kleinberg LR, Terezakis SA, Sloan L. The Effects of Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) on Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell (MDSC) Subsets in Glioblastoma (GBM). International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2023;117(2):e232.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.06.1148"},{"key":"2525_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gielen PR, Schulte BM, Kers-Rebel ED, Verrijp K, Bossman SA, Ter Laan M, Wesseling P, Adema GJ. Elevated levels of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with glioblastoma highly express S100A8\/9 and arginase and suppress T\u00a0cell function. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(9):1253\u20131264.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now034"},{"key":"2525_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmgaard RB, Brachfeld A, Gasmi B, Jones DR, Mattar M, Doman T, Murphy M, Schaer D, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T. Timing of CSF-1\/CSF-1R signaling blockade is critical to improving responses to CTLA\u20114 based immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5(7):e1151595.","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1151595"},{"key":"2525_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou Y, Yang K, Wang L, Wang J, Huang X, Piffk\u00f3 A, Luo SZ, Yu X, Rao E, Martinez C, Bugno J, Mack M, Vokes EE, Pitroda SP, Chmura SJ, Weichselbaum RR, Liang HL. Radiotherapy Enhances Metastasis Through Immune Suppression by Inducing PD-L1 and MDSC in Distal Sites. Clin Cancer Res. 2024;30(9):1945\u20131958.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-3206"},{"key":"2525_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang MDJ, Zhang MDL, Yang MDY, Liu MDQ, Ma MDH, Huang MDA, Zhao MDY, Xia MDZ, Liu MDT, Wu MDG. Polymorphonuclear-MDSCs Facilitate Tumor Regrowth After Radiation by Suppressing CD8+ T Cells. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2021;109(5):1533\u20131546.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.11.038"},{"key":"2525_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Huang J, Inkman M, Zhang J, Thotala S, Tikhonova E, Miheecheva N, Frenkel F, Ataullakhanov R, Wang X, DeNardo D, Hallahan D, Thotala D. Radiation-induced circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce systemic lymphopenia after chemoradiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med. 2023;15(680):eabn6758.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn6758"},{"key":"2525_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu C, Muroski ME, Miska J, Lee-Chang C, Shen Y, Rashidi A, Zhang P, Xiao T, Han Y, Lopez-Rosas A, Cheng Y, Lesniak MS. Repolarization of myeloid derived suppressor cells via magnetic nanoparticles to promote radiotherapy for glioma treatment. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2019;16:126\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.11.015"},{"key":"2525_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang P, Miska J, Lee-Chang C, Rashidi A, Panek WK, An S, Zannikou M, Lopez-Rosas A, Han Y, Xiao T, Pituch KC, Kanojia D, Balyasnikova IV, Lesniak MS. Therapeutic targeting of tumor-associated myeloid cells synergizes with radiation therapy for glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(47):23714\u201323723.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906346116"},{"key":"2525_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu T, Wang K, Wang J, Liu Y, Meng T, Hu F, Yuan H. M\u2011MDSCs mediated trans-BBB drug delivery for suppression of glioblastoma recurrence post-standard treatment. Journal of Controlled Release. 2024;369:199\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.03.043"},{"key":"2525_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persa E, Balogh A, S\u00e1fr\u00e1ny G, Lumniczky K. The effect of ionizing radiation on regulatory T\u00a0cells in health and disease. Cancer letters. 2015;368(2):252\u2013261.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.03.003"},{"key":"2525_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadul CE, Fisher JL, Gui J, Hampton TH, C\u00f4t\u00e9 AL, Ernstoff MS. Immune modulation effects of concomitant temozolomide and radiation therapy on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro Oncol. 2011;13(4):393\u2013400.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noq204"},{"key":"2525_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiba Y, Hashimoto N, Tsuboi A, Oka Y, Murao A, Kinoshita M, Kagawa N, Oji Y, Hosen N, Nishida S, Sugiyama H, Yoshimine T. Effects of concomitant temozolomide and radiation therapies on WT1-specific T\u2011cells in malignant glioma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2010;40(5):395\u2013403.","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyp196"},{"key":"2525_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell DA, Cui X, Schmittling RJ, Sanchez-Perez L, Snyder DJ, Congdon KL, Archer GE, Desjardins A, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, Herndon JE, 2nd, McLendon RE, Reardon DA, Vredenburgh JJ, Bigner DD, Sampson JH. Monoclonal antibody blockade of IL\u20112 receptor \u03b1 during lymphopenia selectively depletes regulatory T\u00a0cells in mice and humans. Blood. 2011;118(11):3003\u20133012.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-334565"},{"key":"2525_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson JH, Schmittling RJ, Archer GE, Congdon KL, Nair SK, Reap EA, Desjardins A, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, Herndon JE, 2nd, Coan A, McLendon RE, Reardon DA, Vredenburgh JJ, Bigner DD, Mitchell DA. A\u00a0pilot study of IL-2R\u03b1 blockade during lymphopenia depletes regulatory T\u2011cells and correlates with enhanced immunity in patients with glioblastoma. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31046.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031046"},{"key":"2525_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fecci PE, Ochiai H, Mitchell DA, Grossi PM, Sweeney AE, Archer GE, Cummings T, Allison JP, Bigner DD, Sampson JH. Systemic CTLA\u20114 blockade ameliorates glioma-induced changes to the CD4+ T\u00a0cell compartment without affecting regulatory T\u2011cell function. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(7):2158\u20132167.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2070"},{"key":"2525_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frijlink E, Bosma DMT, Busselaar J, Battaglia TW, Staal MD, Verbrugge I, Borst J. PD\u20111 or CTLA\u20114 blockade promotes CD86-driven Treg responses upon radiotherapy of lymphocyte-depleted cancer in mice. J\u00a0Clin Invest. 2024;134(6).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI171154"},{"key":"2525_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon W\u2011S, Chung D\u2011S. Advanced T and Natural Killer Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2023;66(4):356\u2013381.","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2022.0267"},{"key":"2525_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeCordova S, Shastri A, Tsolaki AG, Yasmin H, Klein L, Singh SK, Kishore U. Molecular heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma. Frontiers in immunology. 2020;11:1402.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01402"},{"key":"2525_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himes BT, Geiger PA, Ayasoufi K, Bhargav AG, Brown DA, Parney IF. Immunosuppression in glioblastoma: current understanding and therapeutic implications. Frontiers in oncology. 2021;11:770561.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.770561"},{"key":"2525_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei J, Wu A, Kong L\u2011Y, Wang Y, Fuller G, Fokt I, Melillo G, Priebe W, Heimberger AB. Hypoxia potentiates glioma-mediated immunosuppression. PloS one. 2011;6(1):e16195.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016195"},{"key":"2525_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai L, Bell A, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Nguyen B, Genet M, Kim M, Chen P, Mi X. Tumor cell IDO enhances immune suppression and decreases survival independent of tryptophan metabolism in glioblastoma. Clinical cancer research. 2021;27(23):6514\u20136528.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1392"},{"key":"2525_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omuro A, Reardon DA, Sampson JH, Baehring J, Sahebjam S, Cloughesy TF, Chalamandaris AG, Potter V, Butowski N, Lim M. Nivolumab plus radiotherapy with or without temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: Results from exploratory phase\u00a0I cohorts of CheckMate 143. Neurooncol Adv. 2022;4(1):vdac025.","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac025"},{"key":"2525_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derer A, Spiljar M, B\u00e4umler M, Hecht M, Fietkau R, Frey B, Gaipl US. Chemoradiation increases PD-L1 expression in certain melanoma and glioblastoma cells. Frontiers in immunology. 2016;7:610.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00610"},{"key":"2525_CR158","unstructured":"Wang S, Yao F, Lu X, Li Q, Su Z, Lee JH, Wang C, Du L. Temozolomide promotes immune escape of GBM cells via upregulating PD-L1. Am J Cancer Res. 2019;9(6):1161\u20131171."},{"key":"2525_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boustani J, Lecoester B, Baude J, Latour C, Adotevi O, Mirjolet C, Truc G. Anti-PD-1\/anti-PD-L1 drugs and radiation therapy: combinations and optimization strategies. Cancers. 2021;13(19):4893.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194893"},{"key":"2525_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omuro A, Brandes AA, Carpentier AF, Idbaih A, Reardon DA, Cloughesy T, Sumrall A, Baehring J, van den Bent M, B\u00e4hr O, Lombardi G, Mulholland P, Tabatabai G, Lassen U, Sepulveda JM, Khasraw M, Vauleon E, Muragaki Y, Di Giacomo AM, Butowski N, Roth P, Qian X, Fu AZ, Liu Y, Potter V, Chalamandaris A\u2011G, Tatsuoka K, Lim M, Weller M. Radiotherapy combined with nivolumab or temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma with unmethylated MGMT promoter: An international randomized phase\u00a0III trial. Neuro-Oncology. 2023;25(1):123\u2013134.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac099"},{"key":"2525_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim M, Weller M, Idbaih A, Steinbach J, Finocchiaro G, Raval RR, Ansstas G, Baehring J, Taylor JW, Honnorat J, Petrecca K, De Vos F, Wick A, Sumrall A, Sahebjam S, Mellinghoff IK, Kinoshita M, Roberts M, Slepetis R, Warad D, Leung D, Lee M, Reardon DA, Omuro A. Phase\u00a0III trial of chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide plus nivolumab or placebo for newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(11):1935\u20131949.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac116"},{"key":"2525_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omuro A, Vlahovic G, Lim M, Sahebjam S, Baehring J, Cloughesy T, Voloschin A, Ramkissoon SH, Ligon KL, Latek R, Zwirtes R, Strauss L, Paliwal P, Harbison CT, Reardon DA, Sampson JH. Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: results from exploratory phase\u00a0I cohorts of CheckMate 143. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20(5):674\u2013686.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox208"},{"key":"2525_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reardon DA, Brandes AA, Omuro A, Mulholland P, Lim M, Wick A, Baehring J, Ahluwalia MS, Roth P, B\u00e4hr O. Effect of nivolumab vs bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: the CheckMate 143 phase\u00a03 randomized clinical trial. JAMA oncology. 2020;6(7):1003\u20131010.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1024"},{"key":"2525_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahebjam S, Forsyth PA, Tran ND, Arrington JA, Macaulay R, Etame AB, Walko CM, Boyle T, Peguero EN, Jaglal M, Mokhtari S, Enderling H, Raghunand N, Gatewood T, Long W, Dzierzeski JL, Evernden B, Robinson T, Wicklund MC, Kim S, Thompson ZJ, Chen D\u2011T, Chinnaiyan P, Yu H\u2011HM. Hypofractionated stereotactic re-irradiation with pembrolizumab and bevacizumab in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas: results from a\u00a0phase\u00a0I\u00a0study. Neuro-Oncology. 2021;23(4):677\u2013686.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa260"},{"key":"2525_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwamoto FM, Tanguturi SK, Nayak L, Wang TJ, Desai A, Lustig RA, Bagley S, Wong ET, Hertan LM, McCluskey C, Hayden J, Muzikansky A, Nakhawa S, Japo J, Bossi CC, Meylan M, Tian Y, Barlow GL, Speliakos P, Ayoub G, Meredith DM, Ligon KL, Haas-Kogan D, Huang K, Wucherpfennig KW, Wen PY, Reardon DA. Re-Irradiation Plus Pembrolizumab: A\u00a0Phase\u00a0II Study for Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2025;31(2):316\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1629"},{"key":"2525_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen D, Le SB, Ghiaseddin AP, Manektalia H, Li M, O\u2019Dell A, Rahman M, Tran DD. Efficacy and safety of adjuvant TTFields plus pembrolizumab and temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: A\u00a0phase\u00a02\u00a0study. Med. 2025;6(9).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100708"},{"key":"2525_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown NF, McBain C, Brazil L, Peoples S, Jefferies S, Harris F, Vinayan A, Plaha P, Brooks C, Hussain S, Dutton SJ, Cook J, Ng SM, Levy S, Coutts T, Mulholland P.\u00a0Ipilimumab with temozolomide vs. temozolomide alone after surgery and chemoradiotherapy in recently diagnosed glioblastoma: a\u00a0randomized phase\u00a0II clinical trial. Neuro-Oncology Advances. 2025;7(1):vdaf032.","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaf032"},{"key":"2525_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson LG, Miller JJ, Kitagawa Y, Wakimoto H, Choi BD, Curry WT. Implications of IDH mutations on immunotherapeutic strategies for malignant glioma. Neurosurgical Focus. 2022;52(2):E6.","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.11.FOCUS21604"},{"key":"2525_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X\u2011P, Guo Z\u2011Q, Wang B\u2011F, Zhao M. EGFR alterations in glioblastoma play a\u00a0role in antitumor immunity regulation. Frontiers in oncology. 2023;13:1236246.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1236246"},{"key":"2525_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan S, Yuan G, Liu X, Ren R, Li J, Zhang W, Wu J, Xu X, Fu L, Li Y. PTEN deficiency reprogrammes human neural stem cells towards a\u00a0glioblastoma stem cell-like phenotype. Nature communications. 2015;6(1):10068.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10068"},{"key":"2525_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang M, Sherief M, Ioannou M, Chinnasamy V, Chen L, Frost M, Mattson-Hoss M, Sarnoff H, Kamson DO, Holdhoff M. NF1 expression profiling in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma: genomic associations and survival outcomes. Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 2024;12(1):172.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01875-z"},{"key":"2525_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu S, Lin X, Qiu J, Zhou J, Wang H, Hu S, Yao Y, Wang Y, Deng Y, Zhou Y. Crosstalk between tumor-associated microglia\/macrophages and CD8-positive T\u00a0cells plays a\u00a0key role in glioblastoma. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:650105.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.650105"},{"key":"2525_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobhani N, Bouch\u00e8 V, Aldegheri G, Rocca A, D\u2019angelo A, Giudici F, Bottin C, Donofrio CA, Pinamonti M, Ferrari B. Analysis of PD-L1 and CD3 expression in glioblastoma patients and correlation with outcome: a\u00a0single center report. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):311.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020311"},{"key":"2525_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Guo G, Guan H, Yu Y, Lu J, Yu J. Challenges and potential of PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2019;38(1):87.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1085-3"},{"key":"2525_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang Q, Zhang P, Lei X, Du L, Qu B. Insights into CSF-1\/CSF-1R signaling: the role of macrophage in radiotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology. 2025;16:1530890.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530890"},{"key":"2525_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frederico SC, Hancock JC, Brettschneider EES, Ratnam NM, Gilbert MR, Terabe M. Making a\u00a0Cold Tumor Hot: The Role of Vaccines in the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:672508.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.672508"},{"key":"2525_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah S. Novel Therapies in Glioblastoma Treatment: Review of Glioblastoma; Current Treatment Options; and Novel Oncolytic Viral Therapies. Med Sci (Basel). 2023;12(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12010001"},{"key":"2525_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung AL, Maxwell R, Theodros D, Belcaid Z, Mathios D, Luksik AS, Kim E, Wu A, Xia Y, Garzon-Muvdi T. TIGIT and PD\u20111 dual checkpoint blockade enhances antitumor immunity and survival in GBM. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7(8):e1466769.","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1466769"},{"key":"2525_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagley SJ, Binder ZA, Lamrani L, Marinari E, Desai AS, Nasrallah MP, Maloney E, Brem S, Lustig RA, Kurtz G, Alonso-Basanta M, Bont\u00e9 P\u2011E, Goudot C, Richer W, Piaggio E, Kothari S, Guyonnet L, Guerin CL, Waterfall JJ, Mohan S, Hwang W\u2011T, Tang OY, Logun M, Bhattacharyya M, Markowitz K, Delman D, Marshall A, Wherry EJ, Amigorena S, Beatty GL, Brogdon JL, Hexner E, Migliorini D, Alanio C, O\u2019Rourke DM. Repeated peripheral infusions of anti-EGFRvIII CAR T\u00a0cells in combination with pembrolizumab show no efficacy in glioblastoma: a\u00a0phase\u00a01\u00a0trial. Nature Cancer. 2024;5(3):517\u2013531.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00709-6"},{"key":"2525_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagley SJ, Logun M, Fraietta JA, Wang X, Desai AS, Bagley LJ, Nabavizadeh A, Jarocha D, Martins R, Maloney E, Lledo L, Stein C, Marshall A, Leskowitz R, Jadlowsky JK, Christensen S, Oner BS, Plesa G, Brennan A, Gonzalez V, Chen F, Sun Y, Gladney W, Barrett D, Nasrallah MP, Hwang W\u2011T, Ming G\u2011L, Song H, Siegel DL, June CH, Hexner EO, Binder ZA, O\u2019Rourke DM. Intrathecal bivalent CAR T\u00a0cells targeting EGFR and IL13R\u03b12 in recurrent glioblastoma: phase\u00a01\u00a0trial interim results. Nature Medicine. 2024;30(5):1320\u20131329.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02893-z"},{"key":"2525_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss T, Weller M, Guckenberger M, Sentman CL, Roth P. NKG2D-Based CAR T Cells and Radiotherapy Exert Synergistic Efficacy in Glioblastoma. Cancer Research. 2018;78(4):1031\u20131043.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-1788"},{"key":"2525_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li A, Barsoumian HB, Schoenhals JE, Caetano MS, Wang X, Menon H, Valdecanas DR, Niknam S, Younes AI, Cortez MA, Welsh JW. IDO1 Inhibition Overcomes Radiation-Induced \u201cRebound Immune Suppression\u201d by Reducing Numbers of IDO1-Expressing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2019;104(4):903\u2013912.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.03.022"},{"key":"2525_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesarwani P, Prabhu A, Kant S, Kumar P, Graham SF, Buelow KL, Wilson GD, Miller CR, Chinnaiyan P. Tryptophan Metabolism Contributes to Radiation-Induced Immune Checkpoint Reactivation in Glioblastoma. Clinical Cancer Research. 2018;24(15):3632\u20133643.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0041"},{"key":"2525_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung M\u2011Y, Aibaidula A, Brown DA, Himes BT, Cumba Garcia LM, Parney IF. Superinduction of immunosuppressive glioblastoma extracellular vesicles by IFN\u2011\u03b3 through PD-L1 and IDO1. Neuro-Oncology Advances. 2022;4(1):vdac017.","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac017"},{"key":"2525_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai L, Lauing KL, Chang AL, Dey M, Qian J, Cheng Y, Lesniak MS, Wainwright DA. The role of IDO in brain tumor immunotherapy. Journal of neuro-oncology. 2015;123(3):395\u2013403.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1687-8"},{"key":"2525_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahlstedt J, Konradsson E, Ceberg C, Redebrandt HN. Increased effect of two-fraction radiotherapy in conjunction with IDO1 inhibition in experimental glioblastoma. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233617.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233617"},{"key":"2525_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesarwani P, Prabhu A, Kant S, Kumar P, Graham SF, Buelow KL, Wilson GD, Miller CR, Chinnaiyan P. Tryptophan Metabolism Contributes to Radiation-Induced Immune Checkpoint Reactivation in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(15):3632\u20133643.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0041"},{"key":"2525_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladomersky E, Zhai L, Lenzen A, Lauing KL, Qian J, Scholtens DM, Gritsina G, Sun X, Liu Y, Yu F, Gong W, Liu Y, Jiang B, Tang T, Patel R, Platanias LC, James CD, Stupp R, Lukas RV, Binder DC, Wainwright DA. IDO1 Inhibition Synergizes with Radiation and PD\u20111 Blockade to Durably Increase Survival Against Advanced Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(11):2559\u20132573.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3573"},{"key":"2525_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanihara M, Kawataki T, Oh-Oka K, Mitsuka K, Nakao A, Kinouchi H. Synergistic antitumor effect with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition and temozolomide in a\u00a0murine glioma model. J\u00a0Neurosurg. 2016;124(6):1594\u20131601.","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.JNS141901"},{"key":"2525_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bickerdike MJ, Nafia I, Bessede A, Chen CB, Wangpaichitr M. AT-0174, a\u00a0novel dual IDO1\/TDO2 enzyme inhibitor, synergises with temozolomide to improve survival in an orthotopic mouse model of glioblastoma. BMC Cancer. 2024;24(1):889.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12631-w"},{"key":"2525_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang G, Tao X, Ji B, Gong J. Hypoxia-Driven M2-Polarized Macrophages Facilitate Cancer Aggressiveness and Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022;2022(1):1614336.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1614336"},{"key":"2525_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang W\u2011J, Chen W\u2011W, Zhang X. Glioblastoma multiforme: Effect of hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factors on therapeutic approaches. Oncology letters. 2016;12(4):2283\u20132288.","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4952"},{"key":"2525_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musah-Eroje A, Watson S. A\u00a0novel 3D in vitro model of glioblastoma reveals resistance to temozolomide which was potentiated by hypoxia. J\u00a0Neurooncol. 2019;142(2):231\u2013240.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03107-0"},{"key":"2525_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Dico A, Martelli C, Diceglie C, Lucignani G, Ottobrini L. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1\u03b1 Activity as a\u00a0Switch for Glioblastoma Responsiveness to Temozolomide. Front Oncol. 2018;8:249.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00249"},{"key":"2525_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persano L, Pistollato F, Rampazzo E, Della Puppa A, Abbadi S, Frasson C, Volpin F, Indraccolo S, Scienza R, Basso G. BMP2 sensitizes glioblastoma stem-like cells to Temozolomide by affecting HIF-1\u03b1 stability and MGMT expression. Cell Death & Disease. 2012;3(10):e412-e412.","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2012.153"},{"key":"2525_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu P, Guo J, Yang H, Yuan D, Wang C, Wang Z. Exosomes Derived from Hypoxic Glioma Cells Reduce the Sensitivity of Glioma Cells to Temozolomide Through Carrying miR-106a-5p. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2022;16(null):3589-3598.","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S382690"},{"key":"2525_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge X, Pan M\u2011H, Wang L, Li W, Jiang C, He J, Abouzid K, Liu L\u2011Z, Shi Z, Jiang B\u2011H. Hypoxia-mediated mitochondria apoptosis inhibition induces temozolomide treatment resistance through miR-26a\/Bad\/Bax axis. Cell Death & Disease. 2018;9(11):1128.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1176-7"},{"key":"2525_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Y\u2011H, Yoo K\u2011C, Cui Y\u2011H, Uddin N, Lim E\u2011J, Kim M\u2011J, Nam S\u2011Y, Kim I\u2011G, Suh Y, Lee S\u2011J. Radiation promotes malignant progression of glioma cells through HIF-1alpha stabilization. Cancer Letters. 2014;354(1):132\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.07.048"},{"key":"2525_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lund EL, H\u00f8g A, Olsen MWB, Hansen LT, Engelholm SA, Kristjansen PEG. Differential regulation of VEGF, HIF1\u03b1 and angiopoietin\u20111, -2 and -4 by hypoxia and ionizing radiation in human glioblastoma. International Journal of Cancer. 2004;108(6):833\u2013838.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11662"},{"key":"2525_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke RH, Moosa S, Anzivino M, Wang Y, Floyd DH, Purow BW, Lee KS. Sustained Radiosensitization of Hypoxic Glioma Cells after Oxygen Pretreatment in an Animal Model of Glioblastoma and In Vitro Models of Tumor Hypoxia. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(10):e111199.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111199"},{"key":"2525_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Li B, Mao H, Liu Y, Lu J, Zhang L, Yu R. Development of a\u00a0hypoxia-triggered and hypoxic radiosensitized liposome as a\u00a0doxorubicin carrier to promote synergetic chemo-\/radio-therapy for glioma. Biomaterials. 2017;121:130\u2013143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.01.001"},{"key":"2525_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Li T, Shen W, Hu L, Yang K, Pei P, Liu T. Simultaneous Modulation of Hypoxia And Metabolism in Glioblastoma for Enhanced Radio-Immunotherapy. Advanced Functional Materials. 2024;34(12):2312197.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202312197"},{"key":"2525_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yabo YA, Niclou SP, Golebiewska A. Cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity: A\u00a0paradigm shift in glioblastoma. Neuro-oncology. 2022;24(5):669\u2013682.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab269"},{"key":"2525_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujimura T, Kambayashi Y, Aiba S. Crosstalk between regulatory T\u00a0cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during melanoma growth. Oncoimmunology. 2012;1(8):1433\u20131434.","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.21176"},{"key":"2525_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindau D, Gielen P, Kroesen M, Wesseling P, Adema GJ. The immunosuppressive tumour network: myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T\u00a0cells and natural killer T\u00a0cells. Immunology. 2013;138(2):105\u2013115.","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12036"},{"key":"2525_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maia A, Sch\u00f6llhorn A, Schuhmacher J, Gouttefangeas C. CAF-immune cell crosstalk and its impact in immunotherapy. Semin Immunopathol. 2023;45(2):203\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00977-x"},{"key":"2525_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye Z, Ai X, Zhao L, Fei F, Wang P, Zhou S. Phenotypic plasticity of myeloid cells in glioblastoma development, progression, and therapeutics. Oncogene. 2021;40(42):6059\u20136070.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-02010-1"},{"key":"2525_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen Y, Cai K, Qin Y, Wang X, Zhang B, Shi L, He Z, Wang J, Long J, Zeng Y, Gong Q. Interactions between glioblastoma and myeloid cells. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2025;Volume\u00a013 - 2025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1632122"},{"key":"2525_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio C, Liguori GL. Modeling Glioblastoma for Translation: Strengths and Pitfalls of Preclinical Studies. Biology (Basel). 2025;14(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14111490"},{"key":"2525_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu P, Griffiths S, Veljanoski D, Vaughn-Beaucaire P, Speirs V, Br\u00fcning-Richardson A. Preclinical models of glioblastoma: limitations of current models and the promise of new developments. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 2021;23:e20.","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2021.20"},{"key":"2525_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin H, Liu C, Hu A, Zhang D, Yang H, Mao Y. Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives. J\u00a0Hematol Oncol. 2024;17(1):31.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01544-7"},{"key":"2525_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himes BT, Geiger PA, Ayasoufi K, Bhargav AG, Brown DA, Parney IF. Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma: Current Understanding and Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol. 2021;11:770561.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.770561"},{"key":"2525_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashrafizadeh M, Farhood B, Musa AE, Taeb S, Rezaeyan A, Najafi M. Abscopal effect in radioimmunotherapy. International immunopharmacology. 2020;85:106663.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106663"},{"key":"2525_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma P, Aaroe A, Liang J, Puduvalli VK. Tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma: Current and emerging concepts. Neurooncol Adv. 2023;5(1):vdad009.","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad009"},{"key":"2525_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo X, Zhang Y, Jiao H, Miao X. The prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in patients with glioblastoma: A\u00a0meta-analysis. Frontiers in Oncology. 2022;Volume\u00a012 - 2022.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.925560"},{"key":"2525_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vimalathas G, Kristensen BW. Expression, prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of PD-L1 in gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2022;48(1):e12767.","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12767"},{"key":"2525_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sareen H, Ma Y, Becker TM, Roberts TL, de Souza P, Powter B. Molecular Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: A\u00a0Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168835"},{"key":"2525_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noorani I, de la Rosa J. Breaking barriers for glioblastoma with a\u00a0path to enhanced drug delivery. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):5909.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41694-9"},{"key":"2525_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan M, Cao R, Yang Y, Chen X, Liu L, Ren B, Wang L, Goh BC. Blood-Brain Barrier Conquest in Glioblastoma Nanomedicine: Strategies, Clinical Advances, and Emerging Challenges. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(19).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16193300"},{"key":"2525_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan JTN, Henley-Waters J, Kayhanian S. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy for glioblastoma: what can we learn from the early clinical trials? A\u00a0systematic review. Neuro-Oncology Advances. 2025;7(1):vdaf115.","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaf115"},{"key":"2525_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park S, Maus MV, Choi BD. CAR-T\u00a0cell therapy for the treatment of adult high-grade gliomas. npj Precision Oncology. 2024;8(1):279.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00753-0"},{"key":"2525_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh D, Nandi S, Bhattacharjee S. Combination therapy to checkmate Glioblastoma: clinical challenges and advances. Clinical and translational medicine. 2018;7(1):33.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-018-0211-8"},{"key":"2525_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han SJ, Rutledge WC, Molinaro AM, Chang SM, Clarke JL, Prados MD, Taylor JW, Berger MS, Butowski NA. The effect of timing of concurrent chemoradiation in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Neurosurgery. 2015;77(2):248\u2013253.","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000766"},{"key":"2525_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luskin MR, Murakami MA, Manalis SR, Weinstock DM. Targeting minimal residual disease: a\u00a0path to cure? Nature Reviews Cancer. 2018;18(4):255\u2013263.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.125"},{"key":"2525_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nomura M, Spitzer A, Johnson KC, Garofano L, Nehar-belaid D, Galili Darnell N, Greenwald AC, Bussema L, Oh YT, Varn FS, D\u2019Angelo F, Gritsch S, Anderson KJ, Migliozzi S, Gonzalez Castro LN, ChowdhFury T, Robine N, Reeves C, Park JB, Lipsa A, Hertel F, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP, Nusrat L, Kellet S, Das S, Moon HE, Paek SH, Bielle F, Laurenge A, Di Stefano AL, Mathon B, Picca A, Sanson M, Tanaka S, Saito N, Ashley DM, Keir ST, Ligon KL, Huse JT, Yung WKA, Lasorella A, Verhaak RGW, Iavarone A, Suv\u00e0 ML, Tirosh I. The multilayered transcriptional architecture of glioblastoma ecosystems. Nature Genetics. 2025;57(5):1155\u20131167.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02167-5"},{"key":"2525_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Z, Hambardzumyan D. Immune Microenvironment in Glioblastoma Subtypes. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018;Volume\u00a09 - 2018.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01004"},{"key":"2525_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu C, Hou P, Li X, Xiao M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Xu J, Liu G, Tan Y, Fang C. Comprehensive understanding of glioblastoma molecular phenotypes: classification, characteristics, and transition. Cancer Biol Med. 2024;21(5):363\u2013381.","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0510"},{"key":"2525_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prados MD, Byron SA, Tran NL, Phillips JJ, Molinaro AM, Ligon KL, Wen PY, Kuhn JG, Mellinghoff IK, De Groot JF. Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges. Neuro-oncology. 2015;17(8):1051\u20131063.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov031"},{"key":"2525_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park JH, Feroze AH, Emerson SN, Mihalas AB, Keene CD, Cimino PJ, de Lomana ALG, Kannan K, Wu W\u2011J, Turkarslan S. A\u00a0single-cell based precision medicine approach using glioblastoma patient-specific models. NPJ Precision Oncology. 2022;6(1):55.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-022-00294-4"},{"key":"2525_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed S, Dinesan M, Ajayakumar T. Survival and quality of life analysis in glioblastoma multiforme with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a\u00a0retrospective study. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2022;27(6):1026\u20131036.","DOI":"10.5603\/RPOR.a2022.0113"}],"container-title":["Strahlentherapie und Onkologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00066-026-02525-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00066-026-02525-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00066-026-02525-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:03:38Z","timestamp":1782209018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00066-026-02525-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00066-026-02525-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0179-7158","1439-099X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0179-7158","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-099X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Q.\u00a0Abuhassan, H.\u00a0J.\u00a0Al-Ameer, S.\u00a0Ganesan, P.P.\u00a0Nayak, V.\u00a0R.\u00a0Kumar, V.\u00a0Sharma, A.\u00a0Singh Chauhan, and N.\u00a0Goyibova declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No animal or human study was performed for this review.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}