{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:44:56Z","timestamp":1793256296026,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-018-0916-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T13:33:31Z","timestamp":1517578411000},"page":"445-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Epidemiology of open tibia fractures in a population-based database: update on current risk factors and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Christian David","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Kobbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Lefering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Sellei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"TraumaRegister DGU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"916_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00125-9","volume":"29","author":"CM Court-Brown","year":"1998","unstructured":"Court-Brown CM, Rimmer S, Prakash U, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of open long bone fractures. Injury. 1998;29(7):529\u201334.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"916_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)63100-1","volume":"63","author":"C Brown","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brown C, Henderson S, Moore S. Surgical treatment of patients with open tibial fractures. AORN J. 1996;63(5):875\u201381 (85\u201396; quiz 99\u2013906).","journal-title":"AORN J"},{"issue":"1","key":"916_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199507000-00002","volume":"39","author":"JR Border","year":"1995","unstructured":"Border JR. Death from severe trauma: open fractures to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J Trauma. 1995;39(1):12\u201322.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"916_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00004","volume":"58","author":"RB Gustilo","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol. 1976;58(4):453\u20138.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"key":"916_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199805000-00003","volume":"350","author":"DC Templeman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Templeman DC, Gulli B, Tsukayama DT, Gustilo RB. Update on the management of open fractures of the tibial shaft. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;350:18\u201325.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"916_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1308\/003588410X12699663904592","volume":"92","author":"WA Townley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Townley WA, Nguyen DQ, Rooker JC, Dickson JK, Goroszeniuk DZ, Khan MS, et al. Management of open tibial fractures\u2014a regional experience. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2010;92(8):693\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/003588410x12699663904592.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"6","key":"916_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0020","volume":"97","author":"RW Trickett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trickett RW, Rahman S, Page P, Pallister I. From guidelines to standards of care for open tibial fractures. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2015;97(6):469\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0020.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"5","key":"916_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-016-0179-z","volume":"119","author":"C Willy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willy C, Stichling M, Engelhardt M, Vogt D, Back DA. Acute therapeutic measures for limb salvage Part 1: haemorrhage control, emergency revascularization, compartment syndrome. Der Unfallchirurg. 2016;119(5):374\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00113-016-0179-z.","journal-title":"Der Unfallchirurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"916_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000151","volume":"20","author":"EM Campion","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campion EM, Mackersie RC. Recent developments in the assessment of the multiply injured trauma patient. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014;20(6):620\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"916_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B3.35818","volume":"98-b","author":"M Wordsworth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wordsworth M, Lawton G, Nathwani D, Pearse M, Naique S, Dodds A, et al. Improving the care of patients with severe open fractures of the tibia: the effect of the introduction of Major Trauma Networks and national guidelines. Bone Jt J. 2016;98-b(3):420\u20134.","journal-title":"Bone Jt J"},{"issue":"5","key":"916_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001216","volume":"81","author":"CD Weber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weber CD, Lefering R, Dienstknecht T, Kobbe P, Sellei RM, Hildebrand F, et al. Classification of soft-tissue injuries in open femur fractures: relevant for systemic complications? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(5):824\u201333.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"916_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200206000-00011","volume":"84-a","author":"SA Milner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Milner SA, Davis TR, Muir KR, Greenwood DC, Doherty M. Long-term outcome after tibial shaft fracture: is malunion important? J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol. 2002;84-a(6):971\u201380.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"10","key":"916_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B10.32914","volume":"96-b","author":"CL Connelly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connelly CL, Bucknall V, Jenkins PJ, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, Biant LC. Outcome at 12 to 22 years of 1502 tibial shaft fractures. Bone Jt J. 2014;96-b(10):1370\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.96b10.32914.","journal-title":"Bone Jt J"},{"issue":"4","key":"916_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.12.018","volume":"46","author":"WJ Metsemakers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Metsemakers WJ, Handojo K, Reynders P, Sermon A, Vanderschot P, Nijs S. Individual risk factors for deep infection and compromised fracture healing after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures: a single centre experience of 480 patients. Injury. 2015;46(4):740\u20135.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"916_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000489","volume":"30","author":"F Hildebrand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hildebrand F, van Griensven M, Huber-Lang M, Flohe SB, Andruszkow H, Marzi I, et al. Is there an impact of concomitant injuries and timing of fixation of major fractures on fracture healing? A focused review of clinical and experimental evidence. J Orthop Trauma. 2016;30(3):104\u201312.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"916_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197403000-00001","volume":"14","author":"SP Baker","year":"1974","unstructured":"Baker SP, O\u2019Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14(3):187 \u2013 96.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"916_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199908000-00016","volume":"47","author":"E Garthe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garthe E, States JD, Mango NK. Abbreviated injury scale unification: the case for a unified injury system for global use. J Trauma. 1999;47(2):309\u201323.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"916_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198501000-00010","volume":"25","author":"L Greenspan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Greenspan L, McLellan BA, Greig H. Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score: a scoring chart. J Trauma. 1985;25(1):60\u20134.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"916_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199712000-00009","volume":"43","author":"T Osler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Osler T, Baker SP, Long W. A modification of the injury severity score that both improves accuracy and simplifies scoring. J Trauma. 1997;43(6):922\u20135. (discussion 5\u20136).","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"916_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf","volume":"60","author":"N Yucel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yucel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma associated severe hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006;60(6):1228\u201336. (discussion 36\u20137).","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"916_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x","volume":"100","author":"M Maegele","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sanguinis. 2011;100(2):231\u20138.","journal-title":"Vox Sanguinis"},{"issue":"11","key":"916_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00016","volume":"26","author":"JL Vincent","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, Moreno R, Takala J, Suter PM, et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction\/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on \u201csepsis-related problems\u201d of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(11):1793\u2013800.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"916_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644","volume":"101","author":"RC Bone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992;101(6):1644\u201355.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"7","key":"916_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199107000-00024","volume":"19","author":"RC Bone","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bone RC. Let\u2019s agree on terminology: definitions of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1991;19(7):973\u20136.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"916_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-009-9122-0","volume":"35","author":"R Lefering","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lefering R. Development and validation of the revised injury severity classification score for severely injured patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2009;35(5):437 \u2013 47.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"916_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200711101-00001","volume":"21","author":"JL Marsh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marsh JL, Slongo TF, Agel J, Broderick JS, Creevey W, DeCoster TA, et al. Fracture and dislocation classification compendium\u20142007: orthopaedic trauma association classification, database and outcomes committee. J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21(10 Suppl):S1\u2013133.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"916_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198408000-00009","volume":"24","author":"RB Gustilo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma. 1984;24(8):742\u20136.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"916_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200303000-00034","volume":"85-a","author":"A Sarmiento","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarmiento A. Mechanism of injury may affect outcome after tibial shaft fracture. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol. 2003;85-a(3):571; (author reply\u20142).","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"1","key":"916_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.95B1.30580","volume":"95-b","author":"JG Penn-Barwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Penn-Barwell JG, Bennett PM, Fries CA, Kendrew JM, Midwinter MJ, Rickard RF. Severe open tibial fractures in combat trauma: management and preliminary outcomes. Bone Jt J. 2013;95-b(1):101\u20135.","journal-title":"Bone Jt J"},{"issue":"12","key":"916_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.10.015","volume":"42","author":"C Papakostidis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Papakostidis C, Kanakaris NK, Pretel J, Faour O, Morell DJ, Giannoudis PV. Prevalence of complications of open tibial shaft fractures stratified as per the Gustilo\u2013Anderson classification. Injury. 2011;42(12):1408\u201315.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"916_CR31","first-page":"Rc10-4","volume":"10","author":"SP Gill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gill SP, Raj M, Kumar S, Singh P, Kumar D, Singh J, et al. Early conversion of external fixation to interlocked nailing in open fractures of both bone leg assisted with vacuum closure (VAC)\u2014final outcome. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(2):Rc10-4.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"916_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2908-8","volume":"471","author":"R Pfeifer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pfeifer R, Darwiche S, Kohut L, Billiar TR, Pape HC. Cumulative effects of bone and soft tissue injury on systemic inflammation: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(9):2815\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"916_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670710015535","volume":"79","author":"RJ Weiss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weiss RJ, Montgomery SM, Ehlin A, Al Dabbagh Z, Stark A, Jansson KA. Decreasing incidence of tibial shaft fractures between 1998 and 2004: information based on 10,627 Swedish inpatients. Acta Orthop. 2008;79(4):526\u201333.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"916_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donegan DJ, Akinleye S, Taylor RM, Baldwin K, Mehta S. IM nailing of tibial shaft fractures: size matters. J Orthop Trauma. 2016;3 0(7):377\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000555.","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000555"},{"key":"916_CR35","first-page":"75","volume":"31","author":"MW Chapman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Chapman MW. Role of bone stability in open fractures. Instr Course lect. 1982;31:75\u201387.","journal-title":"Instr Course lect"},{"issue":"6","key":"916_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.12.007","volume":"43","author":"CM Court-Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Court-Brown CM, Bugler KE, Clement ND, Duckworth AD, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of open fractures in adults. A 15-year review. Injury. 2012;43(6):891\u20137.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"10","key":"916_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B10.17631","volume":"88","author":"S Rajasekaran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rajasekaran S, Naresh Babu J, Dheenadhayalan J, Shetty AP, Sundararajan SR, Kumar M, et al. A score for predicting salvage and outcome in Gustilo type-IIIA and type-IIIB open tibial fractures. J Bone Jt Surg Br Vol. 2006;88(10):1351\u201360.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Br Vol"},{"issue":"8","key":"916_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199408000-00006","volume":"76","author":"RJ Brumback","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brumback RJ, Jones AL. Interobserver agreement in the classification of open fractures of the tibia. The results of a survey of two hundred and forty-five orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol. 1994;76(8):1162\u20136.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"4","key":"916_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199308000-00012","volume":"7","author":"BD Horn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Horn BD, Rettig ME. Interobserver reliability in the Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 1993;7(4):357 \u2013 60.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"916_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198808000-00023","volume":"28","author":"FJ Bondurant","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bondurant FJ, Cotler HB, Buckle R, Miller-Crotchett P, Browner BD. The medical and economic impact of severely injured lower extremities. J Trauma. 1988;28(8):1270\u20133.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"916_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000078","volume":"28","author":"ML Schenker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schenker ML, Ahn J, Donegan D, Mehta S, Baldwin KD. The cost of after-hours operative debridement of open tibia fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(11):626\u201331.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"916_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.01350","volume":"89","author":"EJ MacKenzie","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacKenzie EJ, Jones AS, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, Pollak AN, Webb LX, et al. Health-care costs associated with amputation or reconstruction of a limb-threatening injury. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol. 2007;89(8):1685\u201392.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"916_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(15)30005-X","volume":"46","author":"K Horst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horst K, Andruszkow H, Weber C, Dienstknecht T, Hildebrand F, Tarkin I, et al. Standards of external fixation in prolonged applications to allow safe conversion to definitive extremity surgery: the Aachen algorithm for acute ex fix conversion. Injury. 2015;46(Suppl 3):S13\u20138.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"916_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00776","volume":"89","author":"LX Webb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Webb LX, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, MacKenzie EJ. Analysis of surgeon-controlled variables in the treatment of limb-threatening type-III open tibial diaphyseal fractures. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol. 2007;89(5):923\u20138.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"12","key":"916_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00146","volume":"88","author":"K Okike","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okike K, Bhattacharyya T. Trends in the management of open fractures. A critical analysis. J Bone Jt Surg Am vol. 2006;88(12):2739\u201348.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am vol"},{"issue":"1","key":"916_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11751-016-0245-7","volume":"11","author":"F Giovannini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giovannini F, de Palma L, Panfighi A, Marinelli M. Intramedullary nailing versus external fixation in Gustilo type III open tibial shaft fractures: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Strat Trauma Limb Reconstr (Online). 2016;11(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Strat Trauma Limb Reconstr (Online)"},{"issue":"4","key":"916_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.03.020","volume":"47","author":"HC Pape","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pape HC, Andruszkow H, Pfeifer R, Hildebrand F, Barkatali BM. Options and hazards of the early appropriate care protocol for trauma patients with major fractures: towards safe definitive surgery. Injury. 2016;47(4):787\u201391.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"916_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200004000-00006","volume":"48","author":"TM Scalea","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scalea TM, Boswell SA, Scott JD, Mitchell KA, Kramer ME, Pollak AN. External fixation as a bridge to intramedullary nailing for patients with multiple injuries and with femur fractures: damage control orthopedics. J Trauma. 2000;48(4):613\u201321 (discussion 21\u20133).","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"916_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B1.8300656","volume":"76","author":"P 3rd Tornetta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tornetta P 3rd, Bergman M, Watnik N, Berkowitz G, Steuer J. Treatment of grade-IIIb open tibial fractures. A prospective randomised comparison of external fixation and non-reamed locked nailing. J Bone Jt Surg Br Vol. 1994;76(1):13\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Br Vol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00068-018-0916-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-018-0916-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-018-0916-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T04:59:29Z","timestamp":1744174769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00068-018-0916-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-018-0916-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-9933","1863-9941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-9933","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-9941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This study was performed without any financial or other support.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The present study follows the publication guidelines of the TraumaRegister DGU\u00ae and is registered as TR-DGU project ID 2011-040. In accordance with the institutional guidelines, informed consent was not required, because the documentation and data analysis within the trauma registry is mandatory for certified trauma centers to perform external quality assessment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical requirements"}}]}}