{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T04:39:51Z","timestamp":1789274391624,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Homer\u2019s Iliad reports detailed descriptions of war traumas, with precise anatomical references, so that the Iliad can be considered the first trauma registry. We aimed to analyse the Iliad from the perspective of a modern trauma registry: that is, to find historical and local prognostic factors through the epidemiological study of the reported traumas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Two different editions of Homer\u2019s Iliad\u2014one in English and one in Italian\u2014were thoroughly studied and epidemiological data were statistically analysed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>148 reports of human traumas were analysed. The majority of traumas (73.6%) involved Trojan warriors, with spears being the most frequent wounding agent (71%). Overall mortality was 84.5% and was higher in the Trojan field (90.8% vs 61.5%). Despite the high mortality, median New Injury Severity Score (NISS) was low, probably due to high prevalence of penetrating mono-systemic trauma. Median NISS was higher in the Trojan group. Compared to the Achaeans, the Trojans had more torso injuries, whereas Achaeans had more injuries to limbs and superficial tissues. However, in both fields, head and neck were more frequently injured.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Homer\u2019s Iliad gives us an interesting insight into war traumas during the siege of Troy. The reported higher mortality within the Trojan army can be explained not only by poetic reasons but also by different military skills.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-020-01365-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T12:02:41Z","timestamp":1587211361000},"page":"773-778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["War trauma in Homer\u2019s Iliad: a trauma registry perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Chicco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni D.","family":"Tebala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1365_CR1","first-page":"136","volume":"116","author":"B Godquin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Godquin B. Was Homer a surgeon? [In French]. Chirurgie. 1990;116:136\u201343.","journal-title":"Chirurgie"},{"key":"1365_CR2","first-page":"56","volume-title":"The military medicine of Homer [In German]","author":"H Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"1879","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6hlich H. The military medicine of Homer [In German]. Stuttgart: Enke-Verlag; 1879. p. 56\u201360."},{"key":"1365_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders KB (1999) The Wounds in Iliad 13\u201316. Class quarterly 49:345\u2013363. Available online at https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/639862. Accessed 16 Mar 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/cq\/49.2.345"},{"key":"1365_CR4","volume-title":"Le malattie all\u2019alba della civilta occidentale","author":"MD Grmek","year":"1985","unstructured":"Grmek MD. Le malattie all\u2019alba della civilta occidentale. 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Reviling and monomachy as battle-preludes in ancient warfare. Acta Classica. 1964;7:25\u201331.","journal-title":"Acta Classica"},{"key":"1365_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12672","volume":"14","author":"C Koutserimpas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koutserimpas C, Alpantaki K, Samonis G. Trauma management in Homer\u2019s Iliad. Int Wound J. 2017;14:682\u20134.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"1365_CR10","first-page":"607","volume":"42","author":"DR Boyd","year":"1971","unstructured":"Boyd DR, Rappaport DM, Marbarger JP, Baker RJ, Nyhus LM. Computerized trauma registry: a new method for categorizing physical injuries. Aerosp Med. 1971;42:607\u201315.","journal-title":"Aerosp Med"},{"key":"1365_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001341","volume":"82","author":"TTCF Van Dongen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Dongen TTCF, de Graaf J, Huizinga EP, Champion HR, Hoencamp R, Leenen LPH. Review of military end civilian trauma registries: does consensus matter? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82:596\u2013604.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1365_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0017383500023366","volume":"61","author":"H Van Wees","year":"1994","unstructured":"Van Wees H. The Homeric way of war: the Iliad and the Hoplite phalanx. Greece Rome. 1994;61(2):131\u201355.","journal-title":"Greece Rome"},{"key":"1365_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2015-000490","volume":"162","author":"DD Keene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keene DD, Penn-Barwell JG, Wood PR, Hunt N, Delaney R, Clasper J, Russell RJ, Mahoney PF. Died of wounds: a mortality review. 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