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Two authors performed searches on three electronic databases. Studies were included if they conformed to pre-established eligibility criteria. Primary outcome measures included intraoperative blood loss, operation duration, and fluoroscopy time. The American orthopaedic foot and ankle score (AOFAS) was used as a secondary outcome. Quality assessment was completed using the Cochrane RoB2 form and a meta-analysis was performed to assess heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Five studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were eventually included in the review. A meta-analysis established that using 3D printed models for pre-operative planning resulted in a significant reduction in operation duration (mean difference [MD]\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u200923.52\u00a0min, 95% CI [\u2212\u200939.31, \u2212\u20097.74], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), intraoperative blood loss (MD\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u200930.59\u00a0mL, 95% CI [\u2212\u200946.31, \u2212\u200914.87], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001), and number of times fluoroscopy was used (MD\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20093.20 times, 95% CI [\u2212\u20094.69, \u2212\u20091.72], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Using 3D printed models also significantly increased AOFAS score results (MD\u2009=\u20092.24, 95% CI [0.69, 3.78], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005), demonstrating improved ankle health.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The systematic review provides promising evidence that 3D printing-assisted surgery significantly improves treatment for foot and ankle fractures in terms of operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, number of times fluoroscopy was used intraoperatively, and improved overall ankle health as measured by the AOFAS score.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-022-02176-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T17:18:26Z","timestamp":1669310306000},"page":"21-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Does using 3D printed models for pre-operative planning improve surgical outcomes of foot and ankle fracture fixation? 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