{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:11:59Z","timestamp":1791385919629,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is not uncommon in the elderly. Often, these patients are admitted to the hospital for observation. The necessity of admission in the absence of clinically important intracranial injuries is however unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to identify which factors additional to tICH affect the risk of this outcome and to evaluate the differences in the risk of adverse outcome in younger and older mTBI patients with tICH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study assessed adult (\u2265\u200916\u00a0years) mTBI patients with tICH admitted to a Level 1 trauma center between January 2017 and October 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were stratified into two groups, age\u2009&lt;\u200965\u00a0years and age\u2009\u2265\u200965\u00a0years. Adverse outcome due to tICH was assessed using a composite adverse outcome which comprised either, a drop in GCS by more than 1 point, progression of or new neurological deficits, seizure activity, progression of tICH on repeated neuroimaging after clinical deterioration, a neurosurgical intervention, a readmission within three months of injury related to TBI, or death. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of the composite adverse outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 332 mTBI patients with tICH were enrolled in our study. Older mTBI patients with tICH met the criteria for the composite adverse outcome significantly more often than younger patients (12.6% 95% CI 8.0\u201317.0% vs. 4.9%, 95% CI 1.0\u20139.0%, p\u2009=\u20090.033). The univariate analysis showed that a neurological deficit (OR 6.55, 95% CI 2.37\u201318.08) or a SDH on admission (OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.40\u20136.99) was positively associated with the composite adverse outcome in older patients. The presence of isolated traumatic SAH (tSAH) was associated with a decreased risk of the composite adverse outcome (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01\u20130.71). Multivariate analysis was not possible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serious adverse outcomes are frequently observed in older mTBI patients with tICH. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that older patients with an isolated tSAH are at low-risk for deterioration and may be directly discharged from the ED after a short period of observation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-024-02671-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T07:58:40Z","timestamp":1736668720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hospital admission of older patients with mild traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: is it always necessary?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Juliette A. L.","family":"Santing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Van Gent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crispijn L.","family":"Van Den Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joukje","family":"Van Der Naalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9","family":"Jellema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2671_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5371","volume":"35","author":"RC Gardner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gardner RC, Dams-O\u2019Connor K, Morrissey MR, Manley GT. Geriatric traumatic brain injury: epidemiology, outcomes, knowledge gaps, and future directions. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(7):889\u2013906.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2671_CR2","volume":"12","author":"PA Bonney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonney PA, Briggs A, Briggs RG, Jarvis CA, Attenello F, Giannotta SL. Rate of intracranial hemorrhage after minor head injury. Cureus. 2020;12: e10653.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8","key":"2671_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.05.009","volume":"53","author":"M van der Vlegel","year":"2022","unstructured":"van der Vlegel M, Mikoli\u0107 A, Lee Hee Q, Kaplan ZLR, Retel Helmrich IRA, van Veen E, et al. Health care utilization and outcomes in older adults after Traumatic Brain Injury: a CENTER-TBI study. Injury. 2022;53(8):2774\u201382.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"7","key":"2671_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721000795","volume":"28","author":"CH Hume","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hume CH, Wright BJ, Kinsella GJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in older people. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022;28(7):736\u201355.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2671_CR5","unstructured":"Federatie Medisch Specialisten. Licht traumatisch hoofd\/hersenletsel (LTH) [in Dutch]. 2010. https:\/\/richtlijnendatabase.nl\/richtlijn\/licht_traumatisch_hoofd_hersenletsel_lth\/licht_traumatisch_hoofd_hersenletsel_-_startpagina.html. Accessed 15 Nov 2022."},{"key":"2671_CR6","unstructured":"New South Wales (NSW) Health. Closed head injury in adults\u2014initial management. 2012. https:\/\/www1.health.nsw.gov.au\/pds\/Pages\/doc.aspx?dn=PD2012_013. Accessed 15 Nov 2022."},{"key":"2671_CR7","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Head injury: assessment and early management. 2019. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg176. Accessed 15 Nov 2022."},{"key":"2671_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4919","volume":"34","author":"KA Foks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foks KA, Cnossen MC, Dippel DWJ, Maas AIR, Menon D, van der Naalt J, et al. Management of mild traumatic brain injury at the emergency department and hospital admission in Europe: a survey of 71 neurotrauma centers participating in the CENTER-TBI study. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34:2529\u201335.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2671_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-015-0017-6","volume":"10","author":"TE Sweeney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sweeney TE, Salles A, Harris OA, Spain DA, Staudenmayer KL. Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank. World J Emerg Surg. 2015;10:23.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"2671_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12124","volume":"1","author":"BK Root","year":"2020","unstructured":"Root BK, Kanter JH, Calnan DC, Reyes-Zaragosa M, Gill HS, Lanter PL. Emergency department observation of mild traumatic brain injury with minor radiographic findings: shorter stays, less expensive, and no increased risk compared to hospital admission. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2020;1:609\u201317.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"key":"2671_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheatley MA, Kapil S, Lewis A, Osullivan JW, Armentrout J, Moran TP, et al. Management of minor traumatic brain injury in an ED observation unit. West J Emerg Med. 2021;22:943\u2013950.","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2021.4.50442"},{"key":"2671_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.06.088","volume":"46","author":"K Rhame","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rhame K, Le D, Ventura A, Horner A, Andaluz N, Miller C, et al. Management of the mild traumatic brain injured patient using a multidisciplinary observation unit protocol. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:176\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2671_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruitt P, Penn J, Peak D, Borczuk P. Identifying patients with mild traumatic intracranial hemorrhage at low risk of decompensation who are safe for ED observation. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(2):255\u2013259.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.10.064"},{"key":"2671_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.073031","volume":"27","author":"B Schaller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schaller B, Evangelopoulos DS, M\u00fcller C, Martinolli L, Pouljadoff MP, Zimmermann H, et al. Do we really need 24-h observation for patients with minimal brain injury and small intracranial bleeding? The Bernese Trauma Unit Protocol. Emerg Med J. 2010;27:537\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2671_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13350","volume":"25","author":"BJ Yun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yun BJ, Borczuk P, Wang L, Dorner S, White BA, Raja AS. Evaluation of a low-risk mild traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage emergency department observation protocol. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25:769\u201375.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2671_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2017-000129","volume":"3","author":"CB Rosen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosen CB, Luy DD, Deane MR, Scalea TM, Stein DM. Routine repeat head CT may not be necessary for patients with mild TBI. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2018;3: e000129.","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"2671_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04622-0","volume":"163","author":"R Guatta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guatta R, Delaidelli A, May AT, Jannelli G, Moiraghi A, Schaller K, et al. Isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage in mild traumatic brain injury: is a repeat CT scan necessary? A single-institution retrospective study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163:3209\u201316.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"2671_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.12.012","volume":"37","author":"J Van Ornam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Ornam J, Pruitt P, Borczuk P. Is repeat head CT necessary in patients with mild traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37:1694\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2671_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1421-y","volume":"12","author":"F Innocenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Innocenti F, Del Taglia B, Tassinari I, Trausi F, Conti A, Zanobetti M, et al. Utility of repeat head computed tomography after mild head trauma: influence on short- and long-term prognosis and health-related quality of life. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12:81\u20139.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"2671_CR20","unstructured":"Santing JAL, Brand CLVD, Panneman MJM, Asscheman JS, van der Naalt J, Jellema K. Increasing incidence of ED-visits and admissions due to traumatic brain injury among elderly patients in the Netherlands, 2011\u20132020."},{"key":"2671_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2012.07.003","volume":"26","author":"EE Vasilevskis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vasilevskis EE, Han JH, Hughes CG, Ely EW. Epidemiology and risk factors for delirium across hospital settings. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2012;26:277\u201387.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2671_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1086\/660871","volume":"32","author":"S Cairns","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cairns S, Reilly J, Stewart S, Tolson D, Godwin J, Knight P. The prevalence of health care-associated infection in older people in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:763\u20137.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2671_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzt056","volume":"25","author":"SJ Long","year":"2013","unstructured":"Long SJ, Brown KF, Ames D, Vincent C. What is known about adverse events in older medical hospital inpatients? A systematic review of the literature. Int J Qual Health Care. 2013;25(5):542\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"362","key":"2671_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3527","volume":"24","author":"KA Foks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foks KA, van den Brand CL, Lingsma HF, van der Naalt J, Jacobs B, de Jong E, et al. External validation of computed tomography decision rules for minor head injury: prospective, multicentre cohort study in the Netherlands. BMJ. 2018;24(362): k3527.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2671_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5259","volume":"35","author":"C Marincowitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marincowitz C, Lecky FE, Townend W, Borakati A, Fabbri A, Sheldon TA. The risk of deterioration in GCS13-15 patients with traumatic brain injury identified by computed tomography imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(5):703\u201318.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"2671_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000105","volume":"73","author":"OJ Choudhry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choudhry OJ, Prestigiacomo CJ, Gala N, Slasky S, Sifri ZC. Delayed neurological deterioration after mild head injury: cause, temporal course, and outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(5):753\u201360 (discussion 760).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"2671_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481608201008","volume":"82","author":"AC Schwed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schwed AC, Boggs MM, Watanabe D, Plurad DS, Putnam BA, Kim DY. Admission variables associated with a favorable outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Am Surg. 2016;82(10):898\u2013902.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2671_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.11.003","volume":"63","author":"DK Nishijima","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nishijima DK, Sena M, Galante JM, Shahlaie K, London J, Melnikow J, et al. Derivation of a clinical decision instrument to identify adult patients with mild traumatic intracranial hemorrhage at low risk for requiring ICU admission. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(4):448-56.e2.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2671_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481608200121","volume":"82","author":"JM Bardes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bardes JM, Turner J, Bonasso P, Hobbs G, Wilson A. Delineation of criteria for admission to step down in the mild traumatic brain injury patient. Am Surg. 2016;82(1):36\u201340.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2671_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003761","volume":"18","author":"FE Lecky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lecky FE, Otesile O, Marincowitz C, Majdan M, Nieboer D, Lingsma HF, et al. The burden of traumatic brain injury from low-energy falls among patients from 18 countries in the CENTER-TBI Registry: a comparative cohort study. PLoS Med. 2021;18(9): e1003761.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2671_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2120","volume":"78","author":"EL Yuh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuh EL, Jain S, Sun X, Pisica D, Harris MH, Taylor SR, et al. Pathological computed tomography features associated with adverse outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study with external validation in CENTER-TBI. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(9):1137\u201348.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2671_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051525","volume":"9","author":"DC Voormolen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Voormolen DC, Zeldovich M, Haagsma JA, Polinder S, Friedrich S, Maas AIR, et al. Outcomes after complicated and uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury at three-and six-months post-injury: results from the CENTER-TBI study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):1525.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2671_CR33","unstructured":"Riemann L, Mikolic A, Maas A, Unterberg A, Younsi A; Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) Investigators and Participants. Computed tomography lesions and their association with global outcome in young people with mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2023;40(11\u201312):1243\u20131254."},{"issue":"3","key":"2671_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.12.035","volume":"34","author":"P Albertine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Albertine P, Borofsky S, Brown D, et al. Small subdural hemorrhages: is routine intensive care unit admission necessary? Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(3):521\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2671_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.03.071","volume":"35","author":"BJ Yun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yun BJ, White BA, Benjamin Harvey H, et al. Opportunity to reduce transfer of patients with mild traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage to a Level 1 trauma center. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(9):1281\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2671_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001617","volume":"83","author":"F Nassiri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nassiri F, Badhiwala JH, Witiw CD, et al. The clinical significance of isolated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;83(4):725\u201331.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2671_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000161","volume":"76","author":"B Joseph","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joseph B, Friese RS, Sadoun M, Aziz H, Kulvatunyou N, Pandit V, et al. The BIG (brain injury guidelines) project: defining the management of traumatic brain injury by acute care surgeons. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(4):965\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2671_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6652","volume":"37","author":"C Marincowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marincowitz C, Lecky FE, Allgar V, Hutchinson P, Elbeltagi H, Johnson F, et al. Development of a clinical decision rule for the early safe discharge of patients with mild traumatic brain injury and findings on computed tomography brain scan: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(2):324\u201333.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2671_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4377","volume":"34","author":"ME de Koning","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Koning ME, Scheenen ME, van der Horn HJ, Hageman G, Roks G, Spikman JM, et al. Non-hospitalized patients with mild traumatic brain injury: the forgotten minority. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(1):257\u201361.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-024-02671-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00068-024-02671-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-024-02671-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:04:53Z","timestamp":1770721493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00068-024-02671-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-024-02671-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-9933","1863-9941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-9933","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-9941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"8"}}