{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T10:50:48Z","timestamp":1768387848843,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011624","name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-03054-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:34:05Z","timestamp":1768296845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing venous thromboembolism prophylaxis timing in ventilated traumatic brain injury patients: a retrospective cohort study using ACS-TQIP data (2017\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6003-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather X.","family":"Rhodes-Lyons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7730-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel","family":"Elkbuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3003-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem","family":"Nasef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5625-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita Nunes","family":"Espat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7311-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8649-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-8365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Rahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8470-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David L.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darrell","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2130-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Sliter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-3680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Martinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9348-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3054_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/22201181.2016.1206293","volume":"22","author":"K Tobi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tobi K, Azeez A, Agbedia S. Outcome of traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit: a five-year review. South Afr J Anaesth Analgesia. 2016;22(5):135\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22201181.2016.1206293.","journal-title":"South Afr J Anaesth Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"3054_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/22201173.2011.10872737","volume":"17","author":"T Ngubane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ngubane T. Mechanical ventilation and the injured brain: refresher course. South Afr J Anaesth Analgesia. 2011;17(1):76\u201380. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10520\/EJC73843.","journal-title":"South Afr J Anaesth Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"3054_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","volume":"80","author":"N Carney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carney N, Totten AM, O\u2019Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell M, Bratton S, Chesnut R, Harris O, Kissoon N, Rubinao A, Shutter L, Tasker R, Vavilala M, Wilberger J, Wright D, Ghajar J. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"3054_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.014","volume":"26","author":"RD Stevens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stevens RD, Lazaridis C, Chalela JA. The role of mechanical ventilation in acute brain injury. Neurol Clin. 2008;26(2):543\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.014.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"3054_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.345","volume":"287","author":"A Esteban","year":"2002","unstructured":"Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, Al\u00eda I, Brochard L, Stewart TE, Benito S, Epstein S, Apezteguia C, Nghtingale P, Arroliga AC, Tobin MJ, Mechanical Ventilation International Study Group. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. JAMA. 2002;287(3):345\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.3.345.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3054_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0b013e3181bdf52f","volume":"22","author":"D Lepelletier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lepelletier D, Roquilly A, Mahe PJ, Loutrel O, Champin P, Corvec S, Naux E, Pinaud M, Lejus C, Asehnoune K. Retrospective analysis of the risk factors and pathogens associated with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical-ICU head-trauma patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2010;22(1):32\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ANA.0b013e3181bdf52f.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"3054_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999885","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.999885","volume":"9","author":"M Humayun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Humayun M, Premraj L, Shah V, Cho SM. Mechanical ventilation in acute brain injury patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Med. 2022;9:999885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.999885.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3054_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00773-w","volume":"32","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu C, Xiao W, Song T, Wang S. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2020;32(1):272\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00773-w.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"3054_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182329617","volume":"40","author":"RE Hoesch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoesch RE, Lin E, Young M, Gottesman RF, Altaweel L, Nyquist PA, Stevens RD. Acute lung injury in critical neurological illness. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(2):587\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182329617.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3054_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000137138.40116.6c","volume":"240","author":"MM Knudson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knudson MM, Ikossi DG, Khaw L, Morabito D, Speetzen L. Thromboembolism after trauma: an analysis of 1602 episodes from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank. Ann Surg. 2004;240(3):490\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.sla.0000137138.40116.6c.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3054_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181b21cad","volume":"68","author":"AP Ekeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ekeh AP, Dominguez KM, Markert RJ, McCarthy MC. Incidence and risk factors for deep venous thrombosis after moderate and severe brain injury. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection & Critical Care. 2010;68(4):912\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181b21cad.","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection & Critical Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"3054_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.382","volume":"223","author":"JP Byrne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Byrne JP, Mason SA, Gomez D, Hoeft C, Subacius H, Xiong W, et al. Timing of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: a propensity-matched cohort study. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;223(4):621\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.382.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3054_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000643","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000643","volume":"6","author":"JF Rappold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rappold JF, Sheppard FR, Ii SPC, Cuschieri J, Ley E, Rangel E, Seshadri AJ, Michetti CP. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the trauma intensive care unit: an American association for the surgery of trauma critical care committee clinical consensus document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2021;6(1):e000643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000643.","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"3054_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000004007","volume":"95","author":"YT Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu YT, Chien CY, Matsushima K, Schellenberg M, Inaba K, Moore EE, Sauaia A, Knudson MM, Martin MJ, CLOTT Study Group. Early venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with trauma intracranial hemorrhage: analysis of the prospective multicenter consortium of leaders in traumatic thromboembolism study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;95(5):649\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000004007.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"3054_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sipas.2023.100168","volume":"13","author":"EK Hollfelder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hollfelder EK, Rappaport S, Cheng J, Patel JH. Retrospective evaluation of chemical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury. Surgery in Practice and Science. 2023;13:100168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sipas.2023.100168.","journal-title":"Surgery in Practice and Science"},{"key":"3054_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rhodes-Lyons HX, McClure DL, Hill K, Schultz, Brandl G, Roberts J, Martinek L, Pepe A. Very early (<=24 hours) venous thromboembolism prophylaxis timing based on size and type of traumatic brain injury: A national retrospective analysis of risk stratification and anticoagulation history in the trauma population. American Surgeon. 2025;91(7).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00031348251329469","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348251329469"},{"key":"3054_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107212","volume":"215","author":"J Lara-Reyna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lara-Reyna J, Alali L, Wedderburn R, Margetis K. Compliance with venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis guidelines in non-operative traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2022;215:107212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107212.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"3054_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003847","volume":"94","author":"M Schellenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schellenberg M, Costantini T, Joseph B, Price M, Bernard A, Haut E. Timing of venous thromboembolidm (VTE) prophylaxis initiation after injury: findings from the consensus conference to implement optimal VTE prophylaxis in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;94(3):484\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000003847.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"3054_CR19","unstructured":"Brain Trauma Foundation. (2020) Guidelines for the Management of Severe TBI. https:\/\/braintrauma.org\/coma\/guidelines\/severe-tbi-craniectomy Accessed March 21, 2025."},{"key":"3054_CR20","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons. Trauma Quality Program Participant Use File. Web site https:\/\/www.facs.org\/quality-programs\/trauma\/quality\/national-trauma-data-bank\/datasets\/. Updated July 10, 2024."},{"issue":"20","key":"3054_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3366","volume":"31","author":"RA Pastorek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pastorek RA, Cripps MW, Bernstein IH, Scott WW, Madden CJ, Rickert KL, Wolf S, Phelan HA. The parkland protocol\u2019s modified Berne-Norwood criteria predict two tiers of risk for traumatic brain injury progression. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(20):1737\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3366.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"3054_CR22","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. (2018). Abbreviated Injury Scale: 2015 Revision (6 ed.). Chicago, IL."},{"issue":"2","key":"3054_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.atm_174_21","volume":"17","author":"HM Al-Dorzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Dorzi HM, Al-Yami G, Al-Daker F, Alqirnas MQ, Alhamadh MS, Khan R. The association of timing of pharmacological prophylaxis and venous thromboembolism in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Thorac Med. 2022;17(2):102\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/atm.atm_174_21.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3054_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003985","volume":"95","author":"AM Ratnasekera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ratnasekera AM, Kim D, Seng SS, et al. Early VTE prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: a propensity score weighted EAST multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023;95(1):94\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000003985.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3054_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000004383","volume":"97","author":"PL Johnson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson PL, Dualeh SHA, Ward AL, Jean R, Aubry S, Chapman A, Curtiss W, Joseph J, Scott J, Hemmila M. Association of timing and agent for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury on venous thromboembolism events, mortality, neurosurgical intervention, and discharge disposition. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(4):590\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000004383.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3054_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002830","volume":"89","author":"EJ Ley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ley EJ, Brown CVR, Moore EE, Sava J, Peck K, Ciesla D, et al. Updated guidelines to reduce venous thromboembolism in trauma patients: a Western trauma association critical decisions algorithm. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(5):971\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000002830.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"3054_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2286","volume":"141","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Gutterman DD, Lewis SZ. Introduction to the ninth edition: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):48S-52S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.11-2286.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3054_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200207000-0003","volume":"53","author":"FB Rogers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rogers FB, Cipolle MD, Velmahos G, Rozycki G, Luchette FA. Practice management guidelines for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in trauma patients: the EAST practice management guidelines work group. J Trauma. 2002;53(1):142\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005373-200207000-0003.","journal-title":"J Trauma"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03054-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03054-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03054-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:21:48Z","timestamp":1768342908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03054-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03054-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-9941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-9941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Confirmation that the article is not under consideration and has not been published previously anywhere else except in Abstract form for the TQIP 2024 Conference. The article\u2019s publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out. If accepted, the article will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have seen and approved the final version of the manuscript that is submitted and fulfill the Committee on Publication Ethics requirements for authorship. I, Heather Rhodes, have reviewed and edited the submission to omit any identifying information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This study was deemed exempt from oversight [RHO10224] Marshfield Clinic Institutional Review Board in compliance with current regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"Human ethics and consent to participate not applicable. The consent to participate was waived under emergency research guidelines exception from informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}