{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:41:10Z","timestamp":1792179670083,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-03058-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:46:41Z","timestamp":1768297601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a damage associated molecular pattern in predicting severity and mortality of sepsis and septic shock patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"family":"Bushra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safia","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaik Iqbal","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Pasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Affan Osman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7075-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleem Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0287.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10219","key":"3058_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","volume":"395","author":"KE Rudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd KE, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"3058_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4103\/IJCCM.IJCCM_240_17","volume":"21","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Bhattacharya M, Todi SK. Epidemiology of adult-population sepsis in India: a single center 5 year experience. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2017;21(9):573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/IJCCM.IJCCM_240_17.","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3058_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/CC8872","volume":"14","author":"C Pierrakos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pierrakos C, Vincent JL. Sepsis biomarkers: a review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/CC8872.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3058_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0B013E318277109C","volume":"39","author":"LF Gentile","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gentile LF, Moldawer LL. DAMPs, PAMPs, and the origins of SIRS in bacterial sepsis. Shock. 2013;39(1):113\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0B013E318277109C.","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"3058_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/F1000RESEARCH.10397.1","author":"GT Ho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho GT, Boyapati RK, Tamborska A, Dorward DA. Advances in the understanding of mitochondrial DNA as a pathogenic factor in inflammatory diseases. F1000Res. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/F1000RESEARCH.10397.1.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3058_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8547","DOI":"10.1002\/JCB.28142","volume":"120","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng Z, et al. Mitochondrial DNA plays an important role in lung injury induced by sepsis. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(5):8547\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JCB.28142.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"3058_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.21","volume":"17","author":"AP West","year":"2017","unstructured":"West AP, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(6):363\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2017.21.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3058_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NRDP.2016.45","author":"RS Hotchkiss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent JL. Sepsis and septic shock. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NRDP.2016.45.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"3058_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bushra, et al. Molecular basis of sepsis: A new insight into the role of mitochondrial DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern. Mitochondrion. Nov. 2024;79:101967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MITO.2024.101967.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MITO.2024.101967"},{"issue":"5","key":"3058_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12050933","volume":"12","author":"FS De Miranda","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Miranda FS, Claudio LMAM, de Almeida DSM, Nunes JB, Barauna VG, Luiz WB, et al. Cell-free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as potential biomarkers for assessing sepsis severity. Biomedicines. 2024;12(5):933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12050933.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"39","key":"3058_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202414159","volume":"12","author":"H Liao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liao H, Ma R, Hao S, Tan X, Zeng X, Song R, et al. Revealing cell-free mitochondrial DNA breakage patterns as novel biomarkers for sepsis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025;12(39):e14159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202414159.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"3058_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MITO.2022.12.003","volume":"68","author":"SK Vishwakarma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vishwakarma SK, Fathima N, Tiwari SK, Khan AA. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of circulating mitochondrial and nuclear DNA using a single plasma sample to predict specific molecular diagnostic implications. Mitochondrion. 2023;68:114\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MITO.2022.12.003.","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"3058_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Te Kung C, et al. Plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels as predictors of outcome in severe sepsis patients in the emergency room. J Transl Med. Jun. 2012;10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1479-5876-10-130.","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-130"},{"key":"3058_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu Y et al. Aug., Quantitative detection of circulating MT-ND1 as a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer, Bosn J Basic Med Sci, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 577\u2013586, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/BJBMS.2021.5576","DOI":"10.17305\/BJBMS.2021.5576"},{"key":"3058_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trumpff C et al. Stress and Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA: A systematic review of human studies, physiological considerations, and technical recommendations. Jul 01 2021 Elsevier B V https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mito.2021.04.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2021.04.002"},{"issue":"7285","key":"3058_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE08780","volume":"464","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Q, et al. Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury. Nature. 2010;464(7285):104\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE08780.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"3058_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000397","volume":"44","author":"VC Bhagirath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhagirath VC, Dwivedi DJ, Liaw PC. Comparison of the proinflammatory and procoagulant properties of nuclear, mitochondrial, and bacterial DNA. Shock. 2015;44(3):265\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000397.","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"3058_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krychtiuk KA, et al. Mitochondrial DNA and toll-like receptor-9 are associated with mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. Jan. 2015;43(12):2633\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001311.","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001311"},{"key":"3058_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clementi A et al. Mar., The Role of Cell-Free Plasma DNA in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis, Blood Purif, vol. 41, no. 1\u20133, pp. 34\u201340, 2016, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000440975","DOI":"10.1159\/000440975"},{"issue":"6","key":"3058_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000549","volume":"45","author":"K Timmermans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timmermans K, Kox M, Scheffer GJ, Pickkers P. Plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels, and markers of inflammation, shock, and organ damage in patients with septic shock. Shock. 2016;45(6):607\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000549.","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"3058_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harrington JS, Choi AMK, Nakahira K. Mitochondrial DNA in sepsis. Aug 01 2017 Lippincott Williams Wilkins. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000427","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000427"},{"key":"3058_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan Hpeng, et al. Use of plasma mitochondrial DNA levels for determining disease severity and prognosis in pediatric sepsis: a case control study. BMC Pediatr. Aug. 2018;18(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12887-018-1239-Z.","DOI":"10.1186\/S12887-018-1239-Z"},{"key":"3058_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johansson PI, et al. Plasma mitochondrial DNA and metabolomic alterations in severe critical illness. Crit Care. Dec. 2018;22(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-018-2275-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2275-7"},{"key":"3058_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu JP, Zhang SC, Pan SY. Value of dynamic plasma cell-free DNA monitoring in septic shock syndrome: A case report. World J Clin Cases. Jan. 2020;8(1):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/WJCC.V8.I1.200.","DOI":"10.12998\/WJCC.V8.I1.200"},{"key":"3058_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001577","volume":"10","author":"K Nakahira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakahira K, et al. Circulating mitochondrial DNA in patients in the ICU as a marker of mortality: derivation and validation. PLoS Med. 2013;10:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001577.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3058_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1 ndez-Beeftink T et al. Article 737369 1 (2021) Whole-Blood Mitochondrial DNA Copies Are Associated With the Prognosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome After Sepsis, Front. Immunol, vol. 12, p. 737369, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.737369","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.737369"},{"key":"3058_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Avriel A, et al. Admission cell free DNA levels predict 28-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis in intensive care. PLoS ONE. Jun. 2014;9(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100514.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100514"},{"key":"3058_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schneck E et al. Jul., Blood levels of free-circulating mitochondrial dna in septic shock and postsurgical systemic inflammation and its influence on coagulation: A secondary analysis of a prospective observational study, J Clin Med, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1\u201314, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9072056","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072056"},{"key":"3058_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dennhardt S, Ceanga IA, Baumbach P, Amiratashani M, Kr\u00f6ller S, Coldewey SM. Cell-free DNA in patients with sepsis: long term trajectory and association with 28-day mortality and sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Front Immunol. May 2024;15:1382003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2024.1382003\/BIBTEX.","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2024.1382003\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"3058_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhou W, Wang K, He S, Chen Y. Predictive value of Circulating plasma mitochondrial DNA for sepsis in the emergency department: observational study based on the sepsis-3 definition. BMC Emerg Med. 2020;20(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-020-00320-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-020-00320-3"},{"key":"3058_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grazioli S, Pugin J. Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: From Inflammatory Signaling to Human Diseases, Front Immunol, vol. 9, no. MAY, May 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2018.00832","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2018.00832"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03058-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03058-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03058-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:21:28Z","timestamp":1768342888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03058-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-025-03058-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7469131\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1863-9941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-9941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board (IRB) gave its approval to the study protocol. Samples were taken from individuals who had been hospitalized in the ICU department. Before sample collection, all research participants gave their informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT in order to improve the language and writing process. After using this tool\/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"AI"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}