{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:57:16Z","timestamp":1781636236085,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007210","name":"RWTH Aachen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stress-induced hyperglycemia is a frequent metabolic response to polytrauma. To date, studies primarily analyzed its association with mortality; however, its effect on functional outcomes remain unclear. This study investigated the association between sustained hyperglycemia across metabolic phases and functional outcomes in polytraumatized ICU patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective single-center observational study included 176 adult ICU polytrauma patients admitted to a German level 1 university trauma center (2013\u20132023). Blood \u200bglucose was quantified using admission values, time-weighted averages, variability and time-unified hyperglycemic rate (TUHyperR; cutoffs 140\/160\/180\u00a0mg\/dL) across the early \u201cebb\u201d (\u2264\u200948\u00a0h) and later \u201cflow\u201d (&gt;\u200948\u00a0h) metabolic phases. Primary endpoint was functional outcome using Glasgow outcome scale (GOS; unfavorable GOS\u2009\u2264\u20093). Temporal trends were analyzed using mixed-effects models, and associations with outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with unfavorable outcomes (39.2%) had higher cumulative hyperglycemic exposure throughout their ICU stay. Hyperglycemia was consistently higher during ebb than flow phase. Moderate hyperglycemia during the ebb phase was also in multivariable analysis most discriminative: TUHyperR&gt;140\u00a0mg\/dL (OR 1.015, 95%-CI [1.004\u20131.025],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008) and TUHyperR&gt;160\u00a0mg\/dL (OR 1.016, 95%-CI [1.003\u20131.030],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) were independently associated with unfavorable outcomes, whereas TUHyperR&gt;180\u00a0mg\/dL, admission, mean glucose values as well as glycemic variability were not.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged moderate hyperglycemia within the first 48\u00a0h after polytrauma was independently associated with poor functional outcome at hospital discharge. These exploratory findings support the value of cumulative glycemic exposure as a potential risk marker and highlight the need for prospective studies to determine whether time-based glucose metrics might improve risk stratification and guide metabolic management in polytrauma ICU patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-026-03099-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:01:55Z","timestamp":1771840915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between sustained moderate hyperglycemia within first 48\u00a0hours and poor functional outcome after polytrauma: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8627-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias Manfred","family":"Deininger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Wassersteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1095-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Haehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3508-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Huth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gernot","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8778-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian David","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3626-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim-Philipp","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4604-6771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Benstoem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3804-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537917","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2537917","volume":"57","author":"J Lou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lou J, Xiang Z, Zhu X, Fan Y, Song J, Cui S, et al. Trends and levels of the global, regional, and National burden of injuries from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021. Ann Med. 2025;57:2537917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890.2025.2537917.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"3099_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/ta.0000000000000453","volume":"77","author":"HC Pape","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pape HC, Lefering R, Butcher N, Peitzman A, Leenen L, Marzi I, et al. The definition of polytrauma revisited: an international consensus process and proposal of the new \u2018Berlin definition\u2019. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77:780\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ta.0000000000000453.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-022-02073-z","volume":"50","author":"BM Hardy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hardy BM, Enninghorst N, King KL, Balogh ZJ. The most critically injured polytrauma patient mortality: should it be a measurement of trauma system performance? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;50:115\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-022-02073-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.12.037","volume":"36","author":"M Keel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keel M, Trentz O. Pathophysiology of polytrauma. Injury. 2005;36:691\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2004.12.037.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"3099_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12514","volume":"17","author":"PE Marik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marik PE, Bellomo R. Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response! Crit Care. 2013;17:305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc12514.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3099_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5152\/ucd.2014.2653","volume":"30","author":"T \u015eim\u015fek","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u015eim\u015fek T, \u015eim\u015fek HU, Cant\u00fcrk NZ. Response to trauma and metabolic changes: posttraumatic metabolism. Ulus Cerrahi Derg. 2014;30:153\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/ucd.2014.2653.","journal-title":"Ulus Cerrahi Derg"},{"key":"3099_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000162141.26392.07","volume":"58","author":"GV Bochicchio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bochicchio GV, Sung J, Joshi M, Bochicchio K, Johnson SB, Meyer W, et al. Persistent hyperglycemia is predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma. 2005;58:921\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000162141.26392.07.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3099_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101161","author":"CS Rau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rau CS, Wu SC, Chen YC, Chien PC, Hsieh HY, Kuo PJ, et al. Higher mortality in trauma patients is associated with stress-induced hyperglycemia, but not diabetic hyperglycemia: a cross-sectional analysis based on a propensity-score matching approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14101161.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3099_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3182654549","volume":"256","author":"JD Kerby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kerby JD, Griffin RL, MacLennan P, Rue LW 3. Stress-induced hyperglycemia, not diabetic hyperglycemia, is associated with higher mortality in trauma. Ann Surg. 2012;256:446\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3182654549.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00779.x","volume":"85","author":"AG Hill","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hill AG, Hill GL. Metabolic response to severe injury. Br J Surg. 1998;85:884\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00779.x.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogobete AF, Sandesc D, Papurica M, Stoicescu ER, Popovici SE, Bratu LM, et al. The influence of metabolic imbalances and oxidative stress on the outcome of critically ill polytrauma patients: a review. Burns Trauma. 2017;5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41038-017-0073-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-017-0073-0"},{"key":"3099_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-1-29","volume":"1","author":"E Hasenboehler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hasenboehler E, Williams A, Leinhase I, Morgan SJ, Smith WR, Moore EE, et al. Metabolic changes after polytrauma: an imperative for early nutritional support. World J Emerg Surg. 2006;1:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1749-7922-1-29.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.07.032","volume":"40","author":"T Sammour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sammour T, Kahokehr A, Caldwell S, Hill AG. Venous glucose and arterial lactate as biochemical predictors of mortality in clinically severely injured trauma patients\u2013a comparison with ISS and TRISS. Injury. 2009;40:104\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2008.07.032.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"3099_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-3-28","volume":"3","author":"LCV Bahten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bahten LCV, Mauro FHO, Domingos MF, Scheffer PH, Pagnoncelli BH, Wille MAR. Endocrine and metabolic response to trauma in hypovolemic patients treated at a trauma center in Brazil. World J Emerg Surg. 2008;3:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1749-7922-3-28.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318176c54e","volume":"65","author":"WL Wahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wahl WL, Taddonio M, Maggio PM, Arbabi S, Hemmila MR. Mean glucose values predict trauma patient mortality. J Trauma. 2008;65:42\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318176c54e.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3099_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181b22e37","author":"J Kreutziger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kreutziger J, Schlaepfer J, Wenzel V, Constantinescu MA. The role of admission blood glucose in outcome prediction of surviving patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181b22e37.","journal-title":"J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"3099_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1446-z","volume":"35","author":"J Kreutziger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kreutziger J, Wenzel V, Kurz A, Constantinescu MA. Admission blood glucose is an independent predictive factor for hospital mortality in polytraumatised patients. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:1234\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-009-1446-z.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3099_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/orr.S503377","volume":"17","author":"TR Armanious","year":"2025","unstructured":"Armanious TR, Khalifa AA, Abubeih H, Badran M, Adam FF, Farouk O. Admission blood glucose level with a cutoff value of 15 mmol\/L is a reliable predictor of mortality in polytraumatized patients-a prospective, observational, longitudinal study from a North African level one trauma center. Orthop Res Rev. 2025;17:43\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/orr.S503377.","journal-title":"Orthop Res Rev"},{"key":"3099_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000195715.63978.80","volume":"60","author":"M Vogelzang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vogelzang M, Nijboer JM, van der Horst IC, Zijlstra F, ten Duis HJ, Nijsten MW. Hyperglycemia has a stronger relation with outcome in trauma patients than in other critically ill patients. J Trauma. 2006;60:873\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000195715.63978.80.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3099_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860609336366","volume":"24","author":"O Badawi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Badawi O, Yeung SY, Rosenfeld BA. Evaluation of glycemic control metrics for intensive care unit populations. Am J Med Qual. 2009;24:310\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1062860609336366.","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"key":"3099_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2025.107454","volume":"51","author":"N Haehn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haehn N, Huehn M, Ralser M, Ziles D, Marx G, Mossanen JC, et al. Impact of dysglycemia during the ebb and flow phases of critically ill burn patients: an observational study. Burns. 2025;51:107454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.burns.2025.107454.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"3099_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","volume":"61","author":"E von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:344\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3099_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.89","volume":"12","author":"T McMillan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McMillan T, Wilson L, Ponsford J, Levin H, Teasdale G, Bond M. The Glasgow outcome scale\u2009\u2013\u200940 years of application and refinement. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12:477\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.89.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3099_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cce.0000000000001025","author":"BN Hryciw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hryciw BN, Ghossein J, Rochwerg B, Meggison H, Fernando SM, Kyeremanteng K, et al. Glycemic variability as a prognostic factor for mortality in patients with critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Explor. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/cce.0000000000001025.","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"3099_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006174","volume":"52","author":"K Honarmand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Honarmand K, Sirimaturos M, Hirshberg EL, Bircher NG, Agus MSD, Carpenter DL, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines on Glycemic Control for Critically Ill Children and Adults 2024. Crit Care Med. 2024;52:e161\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006174.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3099_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.11.024","volume":"65","author":"L Statlender","year":"2025","unstructured":"Statlender L, Robinson E, Grossman A, Duskin-Bitan H, Shochat T, Hellerman Itzhaki M, et al. The effect of percentage of time spent above different glucose levels on 90 days mortality of critically ill patients - a retrospective cohort study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;65:118\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.11.024.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"3099_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0908-7","volume":"19","author":"JS Krinsley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krinsley JS, Preiser JC. Time in blood glucose range 70 to 140 mg\/dl\u2009>\u200980% is strongly associated with increased survival in non-diabetic critically ill adults. Crit Care. 2015;19:179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-015-0908-7.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3099_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-02852-4","volume":"51","author":"CR Valcarcel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Valcarcel CR, Bieler D, Bass GA, Gaarder C, Hildebrand F. ESTES recommendations for the treatment of polytrauma-a European consensus based on the German S3 guidelines for the treatment of patients with severe\/multiple injuries. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025;51:171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-025-02852-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2276-6357","volume":"162","author":"D Benning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benning D, Hackenberg L, Pavlu F, Weber W, Franke A, Kollig E, et al. New recommendations for the care of severely injured patients: revision of the S3 guideline on treatment of Polytrauma\/Severe injuries. Z Orthop Unfall. 2024;162:630\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2276-6357.","journal-title":"Z Orthop Unfall"},{"key":"3099_CR30","unstructured":"German Interdisciplinary Association of CriticalCare and Emergency Medicine, German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. S3 Guideline Intensive Care after Polytrauma. Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF). 2024;Nr. 040\u2009\u2013\u2009014."},{"key":"3099_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/orr.S340532","volume":"15","author":"KP Iyengar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iyengar KP, Venkatesan AS, Jain VK, Shashidhara MK, Elbana H, Botchu R. Risks in the management of polytrauma patients: clinical insights. Orthop Res Rev. 2023;15:27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/orr.S340532.","journal-title":"Orthop Res Rev"},{"key":"3099_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0497","volume":"114","author":"M Frink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frink M, Lechler P, Debus F, Ruchholtz S. Multiple trauma and emergency room management. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114:497\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0497.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"3099_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.05.002","volume":"33","author":"G Elke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elke G, Hartl WH, Kreymann KG, Adolph M, Felbinger TW, Graf T, et al. Clinical nutrition in critical care medicine - Guideline of the German society for nutritional medicine (DGEM). Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019;33:220\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.05.002.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"3099_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.07.011","volume":"42","author":"P Singer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, Calder PC, Casaer M, Hiesmayr M, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:1671\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.07.011.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3099_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050992","author":"MW Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang MW, Huang CY, Liu HT, Chen YC, Hsieh CH. Stress-induced and diabetic hyperglycemia associated with higher mortality among intensive care unit trauma patients: cross-sectional analysis of the propensity score-matched population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15050992.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3099_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000171452.96585.84","volume":"59","author":"J Sung","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sung J, Bochicchio GV, Joshi M, Bochicchio K, Tracy K, Scalea TM. Admission hyperglycemia is predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma. 2005;59:80\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000171452.96585.84.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3099_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-021-06190-5","volume":"45","author":"A El-Menyar","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Menyar A, Asim M, Mir F, Hakim S, Kanbar A, Siddiqui T, et al. Patterns and effects of admission hyperglycemia and inflammatory response in trauma patients: A prospective clinical study. World J Surg. 2021;45:2670\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-021-06190-5.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01493-w","volume":"57","author":"C Lazzeri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lazzeri C, Bonizzoli M, Cianchi G, Ciapetti M, Socci F, Peris A. The prognostic role of peak glycemia and glucose variability in trauma: a single-center investigation. Acta Diabetol. 2020;57:931\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-020-01493-w.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"3099_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1118","volume":"89","author":"A Thorell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thorell A, Rooyackers O, Myrenfors P, Soop M, Nygren J, Ljungqvist OH. Intensive insulin treatment in critically ill trauma patients normalizes glucose by reducing endogenous glucose production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:5382\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1118.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3099_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14090849","author":"MM Deininger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deininger MM, Weiss M, Wied S, Schlycht A, Haehn N, Marx G, et al. Value of glycemic indices for delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective single-center study. Brain Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14090849.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"3099_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2005.6.233","volume":"6","author":"JH Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor JH, Beilman GJ. Hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit: no longer just a marker of illness severity. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2005;6:233\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/sur.2005.6.233.","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"3099_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480707300507","volume":"73","author":"SC Gale","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gale SC, Sicoutris C, Reilly PM, Schwab CW, Gracias VH. Poor glycemic control is associated with increased mortality in critically ill trauma patients. Am Surg. 2007;73:454\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000313480707300507.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"3099_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.83864","volume":"4","author":"EA Eriksson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eriksson EA, Christianson DA, Vanderkolk WE, Bonnell BW, Hoogeboom JE, Ott MM. Tight blood glucose control in trauma patients: who really benefits? J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011;4:359\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2700.83864.","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"3099_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318047b7dc","volume":"62","author":"EA Toschlog","year":"2007","unstructured":"Toschlog EA, Newton C, Allen N, Newell MA, Goettler CE, Schenarts PJ, et al. Morbidity reduction in critically ill trauma patients through use of a computerized insulin infusion protocol: a preliminary study. J Trauma. 2007;62:1370\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318047b7dc. discussion 5\u20136.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3099_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607105029005353","volume":"29","author":"B Collier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Collier B, Diaz J Jr., Forbes R, Morris J Jr., May A, Guy J, et al. The impact of a normoglycemic management protocol on clinical outcomes in the trauma intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2005;29:353\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0148607105029005353. discussion 9.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03099-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03099-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03099-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:41:46Z","timestamp":1781635306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03099-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03099-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-9941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-9941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Germany (approval number: EK23-216). Due to the retrospective and anonymized data analysis, written informed patient consent was waived. All research procedures complied with the ethical standards of the institutional review board and the applicable guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used AI tools, including Paperpal by Editage (version 4.24.0) and ChatGPT by OpenAI (version ChatGPT-5.2 Thinking\/Pro), to improve language and readability. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process"}},{"value":"Frank Hildebrand is an Editor of the European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, consistent with the journal\u2019s competing interest\u2019s policy, this submission was overseen by an independent Editor. Frank Hildebrand had no role in reviewer selection or editorial decisions, and the manuscript underwent the same review process as any other submission. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}