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All results regarding the osteogenic activity were normalized to 10\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells to eliminate a proliferation bias. The late osteogenic activity was evaluated by radioactive\n                      <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>\n                      Technetium-hydroxydiphosphonate labelling of depleted hydroxyapatite, while early osteogenic markers (calcium concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity) were analysed in supernatants of cell culture media.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The early and late-stage osteogenic activity of atrophic non-union MSCs was significantly higher compared to healthy control graft MSCs on day 21 of osteogenic differentiation in-vitro, both in absolute numbers (early\/late:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and after normalization to 10\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells (early\/late:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). After lower proliferative activity during the first week, non-union MSC regained good proliferative activity during the second week resulting in comparable absolute cell counts to healthy control graft MSCs after three weeks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results emphasize that the in-vitro osteogenic and proliferative activity of atrophic non-union MSCs is not impaired as clinically assumed but the osteogenic potential of atrophic non-union MSCs is in fact significantly higher compared to graft derived MSCs. This might be an important basic-science insight for the optimization of clinical non-union therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-026-03112-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:21:52Z","timestamp":1771244512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In-vitro evaluation of the proliferative and osteogenic activity of atrophic non-union derived mesenchymal stem cells compared to autologous bone graft derived mesenchymal stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1188-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim Niklas","family":"Bewersdorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9018-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Boehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4083-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Findeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9121-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Schamberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lingner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6698-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6711-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Schmidmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8953-9384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Grossner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"3112_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(15)30051-6","volume":"46","author":"P Kuehlfluck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuehlfluck P, Moghaddam A, Helbig L, Child C, Wildemann B, Schmidmaier G. 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