{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:42:32Z","timestamp":1787582552721,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum D\u00fcsseldorf. Anstalt \u00f6ffentlichen Rechts"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aims to comprehensively identify and categorize the specific injury patterns associated with IEDs and other explosive devices across military and civilian populations to improve medical preparedness, resource planning strategies, and treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search on PubMed und Scopus was conducted on 26. March 2025 for observational studies reporting blast injuries in civilian and military populations of all ages. Studies were clustered by explosion type \u2013 Part 1 IED and multiple\/unspecified explosives. A narrative data synthesis was performed. Reporting was assessed with the JBI tool for case series. PROSPERO: CRD42023391736.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>33 studies with 4,373 victims (mainly military personnel) from 2002 - 2022 reported injuries caused by IEDs. The average age was 25.1\u2009years. 97.2% were male. Injuries to the upper and lower extremities were predominant in all study populations followed by head injuries among military personnel, and thorax and abdomen injuries among civilians. 37 studies with 24,600 casualties (mean age 25.7, 85.8% males) were included in multiple\/unspecified explosives. Extremities were predominant followed by facial injuries among military personnel, and thorax injuries among civilians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first part of this systematic review on the pattern of blast injuries shows that injuries to the extremities, including amputations, are the leading injury pattern caused by explosions. The differences in the injured body regions between military personnel and civilians can probably be attributed to the availability or lack of protective equipment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-026-03261-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:05:46Z","timestamp":1787580346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pattern of blast injuries. A Systematic Review: Part 1\u2013Improvised, multiple and unspecified explosive devices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Neubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7053-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Seidelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9116-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Gaeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Bieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000132","volume":"160","author":"G Popivanov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Popivanov G, Mutafchiyski VM, Belokonski EI, Parashkevov AB, Koutin GL. A modern combat trauma. J R Army Med Corps. 2014;160(1):52\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2013-000132.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"4","key":"3261_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-020-01342-z","volume":"46","author":"D Bieler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bieler D, Franke A, Kollig E, G\u00fcsgen C, Mauser M, Friemert B, et al. Terrorist attacks: common injuries and initial surgical management. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020, Aug;46(4):683\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-020-01342-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3261_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318163b875","volume":"64","author":"BD Owens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Owens BD, Kragh JF Jr, Wenke JC, Macaitis J, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. Combat wounds in operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care. 2008;64(2):295\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318163b875.","journal-title":"J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"3261_CR4","unstructured":"AOAV. Ukraine: AOAV explosive violence data on harm to civilians. website [Internet]. 2024 Mar 27. Available from: https:\/\/aoav.org.uk\/2024\/ukraine-casualty-monitor\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"3261_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181e01270","volume":"251","author":"AE Ritenour","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ritenour AE, Blackbourne LH, Kelly JF, McLaughlin DF, Pearse LA, Holcomb JB, et al. Incidence of primary blast injury in US military overseas contingency Operations: a retrospective study. Ann Surg. 2010, Jun;251(6):1140\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181e01270.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318250bfb4","volume":"73","author":"PJ Belmont","year":"2012","unstructured":"Belmont PJ, McCriskin BJ, Sieg RN, Burks R, Schoenfeld AJ. Combat wounds in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2005 to 2009. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(1):3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318250bfb4.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ursano RJ, Kessler RC, Naifeh JA, Mash HH, Fullerton CS, Bliese PD, et al. Frequency of improvised explosive devices and suicide attempts in the U.S. Army. Mil Med. 2017, Mar;182(3):e1697\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00270.","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00270"},{"issue":"4","key":"3261_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym103","volume":"36","author":"SM Bird","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bird SM, Fairweather CB. Military fatality rates (by cause) in Afghanistan and Iraq: a measure of hostilities. Int J Epidemiol. 2007, Aug, 1;36(4):841\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dym103.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/17453059209018366","volume":"15","author":"JB Hull","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hull JB. Blast: injury patterns and their recording. J Audiov Media Med. 1992, Jan;15(3):121\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17453059209018366.","journal-title":"J Audiov Media Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.2007.0005","volume":"2","author":"Y Kluger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kluger Y, Nimrod A, Biderman P, Mayo A, Sorkin P. The quinary pattern of blast injury. Am J Disaster Med. 2007;2(1):21\u201325. PubMed PMID: 18268871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/ajdm.2007.0005.","journal-title":"Am J Disaster Med"},{"key":"3261_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(n71):n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"4","key":"3261_CR12","first-page":"293","volume":"34","author":"MS Hajjar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajjar MS, Atallah GM, Faysal H, Atiyeh B, Bakhach J, Ibrahim AE. The 2020 Beirut explosion: a healthcare perspective. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2021, Dec, 31;34(4):293\u2013300. PubMed PMID: 35035321; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8717904.","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"3261_CR13","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. Veritas Health Innov. 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01143-3","volume":"20","author":"RB B\u00fcchter","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00fcchter RB, Weise A, Pieper D. Development, testing and use of data extraction forms in systematic reviews: a review of methodological guidance. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020, Dec;20(1):259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-020-01143-3.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"3261_CR15","unstructured":"The Association for the advancement of automotive medicine. Abbreviated injury scale (AIS) 2015. Internet. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.aaam.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/ClarificationDocument.Oct_.10.2019.rev_.pdf. Chicago, IL: The Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine."},{"issue":"9","key":"3261_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","volume":"73","author":"K Slim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Slim K, Nini E, Forestier D, Kwiatkowski F, Panis Y, Chipponi J. Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg. 2003, Sep;73(9):712\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Munn Z, Barker TH, Moola S, Tufanaru C, Stern C, McArthur A, et al. Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool. JBI Database Systematic Rev Implementation Rep. 2019, Sep 23;Publish Ahead of Print. doi: Publish Ahead of Print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBISRIR-D-19-00099.","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-D-19-00099"},{"key":"3261_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neubert A, Gaeth C, Seidelmann M, Bieler D. Pattern of blast injuries. A systematic review: Part 2 - Landmines, unexploded ordnance and terrorism. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2026, Jun18;52(1):201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03241-1 PMID: 42313144; PMCID: PMC13279386.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-026-03241-1"},{"key":"3261_CR19","unstructured":"Landmine and cluster munition - monitor. Country summary - Cambodia [Internet]. Geneva: Int Campaign To Ban Landmines - Cluster Munition Coalition (ICBL-CMC). 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.the-monitor.org\/country-profile\/cambodia\/impact?year=2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-227X-7-16","volume":"7","author":"S Mehta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mehta S, Agarwal V, Jiandani P. Ocular injuries in survivors of improvised explosive devices (IED) in commuter trains. BMC Emerg Med. 2007;7(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-227X-7-16.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3261_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4281-2","volume":"473","author":"E Spurrier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spurrier E, Singleton JAG, Masouros S, Gibb I, Clasper J. Blast injury in the spine: dynamic response index is not an appropriate Model for predicting injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(9):2929\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-015-4281-2.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2018-000977","volume":"165","author":"CE Webster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Webster CE, Clasper J, Gibb I, Masouros SD. Environment at the time of injury determines injury patterns in pelvic blast. J R Army Med Corps. 2019;165(1):15\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2018-000977.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"2","key":"3261_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-014-0472-x","volume":"41","author":"A \u00dcnl\u00fc","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00dcnl\u00fc A, Cetinkaya RA, Ege T, Ozmen P, Hurmeric V, Ozer MT, et al. Role 2 military hospitals: results of a new trauma care concept on 170 casualties. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015;41(2):149\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-014-0472-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tahtabasi M, Er S, Karasu R, Ucaroglu ER. Bomb blast: imaging findings, treatment and clinical course of extremity traumas. BMC Emerg Med. 2021;21(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-021-00421-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00421-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"3261_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811400575","volume":"144","author":"NL Salinas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salinas NL, Brennan J, Gibbons MD. Massive facial trauma following improvised explosive device blasts in operation Iraqi freedom. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;144(5):703\u201307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599811400575.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singleton JAG, Gibb IE, Hunt NCA, Bull AMJ, Clasper JC. Identifying future \u2018unexpected\u2019 survivors: a retrospective cohort study of fatal injury patterns in victims of improvised explosive devices. BMJ Open. 2013;3(8):e003130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003130.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003130"},{"key":"3261_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith S, Devine M, Taddeo J, McAlister VC. Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):e014697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2016-014697.","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2016-014697"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.01.034","volume":"48","author":"RMT Staruch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staruch RMT, Glass GE, Johnson A, Hodson J, Hettiaratchy SP, Kay AR, et al. A correlation analysis of metacarpal & phalangeal injury pattern from improvised explosive devices amongst armed force personnel. Injury. 2017;48(3):738\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2017.01.034.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2018-000942","volume":"165","author":"SK Stewart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stewart SK, Pearce AP, Clasper JC. Fatal head and neck injuries in military underbody blast casualties. J R Army Med Corps. 2019;165(1):18\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2018-000942.","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"3261_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taddeo J, Devine M, McAlister VC. Cervical spine injury in dismounted improvised explosive device trauma. Can J Surg. 2015;58(3):S104\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cjs.013114.","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.013114"},{"issue":"22","key":"3261_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b7e585","volume":"34","author":"BT Ragel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ragel BT, Allred CD, Brevard S, Davis RT, Frank EH. Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine sustained by soldiers in vehicles attacked by improvised explosive devices. Spine. 2009;34(22):2400\u201305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b7e585.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"6","key":"3261_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.28359","volume":"94-B","author":"A Ramasamy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramasamy A, Evans S, Kendrew JM, Cooper J. The open blast pelvis: the significant burden of management. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94-B(6):829\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.28359.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"3261_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181848cf6","volume":"65","author":"A Ramasamy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramasamy A, Harrisson SE, Clasper JC, Stewart MPM. Injuries from roadside improvised explosive devices. J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care. 2008;65(4):910\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181848cf6.","journal-title":"J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"3261_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002659","volume":"88","author":"IA Rankin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rankin IA, Webster CE, Gibb I, Clasper JC, Masouros SD. Pelvic injury patterns in blast: morbidity and mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88(6):832\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000002659.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"3261_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.07.019","volume":"48","author":"AP Pearce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pearce AP, Bull AMJ, Clasper JC. Mediastinal injury is the strongest predictor of mortality in mounted blast amongst UK deployed forces. Injury. 2017;48(9):1900\u201305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2017.07.019.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"7","key":"3261_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.01.025","volume":"45","author":"JG Penn-Barwell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Penn-Barwell JG, Bennett PM, Kay A, Sargeant ID, Penn-Barwell JG, Bennett PM, et al. Acute bilateral leg amputation following combat injury in UK servicemen. Injury. 2014;45(7):1105\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2014.01.025.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"3261_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01739-4","volume":"48","author":"A Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller A, Epstein D, Givon A, Steinfeld Y, Korin A, Bodas M, et al. Injuries from civilian under-vehicle improvised explosive devices: an analysis of the Israeli national Trauma registry during the years 2006\u20132020. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(5):3813\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-021-01739-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR38","unstructured":"Minhas MS, Khan KM, Effendi J, Bhatti A, Jamali S. Improvised explosive device bombing police bus: pattern of injuries, patho-physiology and early management. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(12 Suppl 2):S49\u201353."},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7765","volume":"99","author":"JJ Morrison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morrison JJ, Hunt N, Midwinter M, Jansen J. Associated injuries in casualties with traumatic lower extremity amputations caused by improvised explosive devices. J Br Surg. 2012;99(3):362\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.7765.","journal-title":"J Br Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mossadegh S, Tai N, Midwinter M, Parker P. Improvised explosive device related pelvi-perineal trauma: anatomic injuries and surgical management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(SUPPL. 2):S24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182625f82.","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182625f82"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000196010.50246.9a","volume":"65","author":"TJ Nelson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nelson TJ, Clark T, Stedje-Larsen ET, Lewis CT, Grueskin JM, Echols EL, et al. Close proximity blast injury patterns from improvised explosive devices in Iraq: a report of 18 cases. J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care. 2008;65(1):212\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000196010.50246.9a.","journal-title":"J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"3261_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00264","volume":"181","author":"JS Oh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oh JS, Tubb CC, Poepping TP, Ryan P, Clasper JC, Katschke AR, et al. Dismounted blast injuries in patients treated at a role 3 military hospital in Afghanistan: patterns of injury and mortality. Mil Med. 2016;181(9):1069\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00264.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3261_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.05.001","volume":"45","author":"N Jacobs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacobs N, Rourke K, Rutherford J, Hicks A, Smith SRC, Templeton P, et al. Lower limb injuries caused by improvised explosive devices: proposed \u2018bastion classification\u2019 and prospective validation. Injury. 2014;45(9):1422\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2012.05.001.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-227X-12-12","volume":"12","author":"J Commandeur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Commandeur J, Derksen RJ, MacDonald D, Breederveld R. Identical fracture patterns in combat vehicle blast injuries due to improvised explosive devices; a case series. BMC Emerg Med. 2012;12(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-227X-12-12.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3261_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/jrnms-100-152","volume":"100","author":"AM Cross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cross AM, Davis C, Penn-Barwell J, Taylor DM, De Mello WF, Matthews JJ. The incidence of pelvic fractures with traumatic lower limb amputation in modern warfare due to improvised explosive devices. J R Nav Med Serv [Internet]. 2014;100(2):152\u201356. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jrnms-100-152.","journal-title":"J R Nav Med Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"3261_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000643","volume":"29","author":"JP Dupaix","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dupaix JP, Wilding CSR, Tubb CCC, Oh CJS, Ryan LPM. Second place: dismounted complex blast injuries: patterns of remaining limb injuries in patients with single-limb lower extremity amputations. Curr Orthopaedic Pract. 2018;29(4):297\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000643.","journal-title":"Curr Orthopaedic Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"3261_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-014-2066-9","volume":"134","author":"BA Freedman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freedman BA, Serrano JA, Belmont PJ, Jackson KL, Cameron B, Neal CJ, et al. The combat burst fracture study\u2014results of a cohort analysis of the most prevalent combat specific mechanism of major thoracolumbar spinal injury. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(10):1353\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-014-2066-9.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3261_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0400","volume":"40","author":"E Ashworth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashworth E, Baxter D, Gibb I, Wilson M, Bull AMJ. Injuries in underbody blast fatalities: identification of five distinct mechanisms of head injury. J Neurotrauma. 2023;40(1\u20132):141\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0400.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"3261_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashworth E, Baxter D, Gibb CI, Wilson M, Bull AMJ. Injuries in fatalities of dismounted blast: identification of four mechanisms of head and spine injury. J Neurotrauma. 2024, Jul;41(13\u201314):e1680\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0289.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0289"},{"issue":"4","key":"3261_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4314\/ssmj.v17i4.5","volume":"17","author":"MAS Abdullahi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdullahi MAS, Bala M, Rasheed SA, Ahmed MA, Modibbo MA, Shehu IM. Improvised explosive device injuries to the maxillofacial region: diagnostic findings and treatment approaches in north-eastern Nigeria. SSMJ. 2024, Dec, 3;17(4):179\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ssmj.v17i4.5.","journal-title":"SSMJ"},{"key":"3261_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spurrier E, Gibb I, Masouros S, Clasper J. Identifying spinal injury patterns in underbody blast to develop mechanistic hypotheses. Spine. 2016;41(5):E268\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001213.","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001213"},{"key":"3261_CR52","unstructured":"Stewart RA, Mirnajafizadeh SM, Carty CP, Martinez Marquez D. Quality by design for the development of additively manufactured patient-specific bone implants and scaffolds [Internet]. Griffith University. 2020. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10072\/392020. [2023 Dec 6]."},{"key":"3261_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Belmont PJ, McCriskin BJ, Hsiao MS, Burks R, Nelson KJ, Schoenfeld AJ. The nature and incidence of musculoskeletal combat wounds in Iraq and Afghanistan (2005\u20132009). J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27(5):e107\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3182703188.","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3182703188"},{"key":"3261_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Belmont PJ, Thomas D, Goodman GP, Schoenfeld AJ, Zacchilli M, Burks R, et al. Combat Musculoskeletal wounds in a US Army brigade combat team during operation Iraqi Freedom. J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care. 2011, Jul;71(1):E1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181edebed.","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181edebed"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR55","first-page":"149","volume":"16","author":"MU Bashir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bashir MU, Tahir MZ, Bari E, Mumtaz S. Craniocerebral injuries in war against terrorism - a contemporary series from Pakistan. Chin J Traumatol Zhonghua Chuang Shang Za Zhi Chin Med Assoc [Internet]. 2013;16(3):149\u201357. Available from: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895916728%26partnerID=40%26md5=0331c7aceb47dae7dc6e091d1b8a5f20.","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol Zhonghua Chuang Shang Za Zhi Chin Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"3261_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.030312","volume":"17","author":"OO Bilukha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bilukha OO, Laurenge H, Danee L, Subedi KP, Becknell K. Injuries and deaths due to victim-activated improvised explosive devices, landmines and other explosive remnants of war in Nepal. Inj Prev. 2011;17(5):326\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip.2010.030312.","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215110002215","volume":"125","author":"J Breeze","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breeze J, Cooper H, Pearson CR, Henney S, Reid A. Ear injuries sustained by British service personnel subjected to blast trauma. J Laryngol Otol. 2011;125(1):13\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022215110002215.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3261_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2010.10.006","volume":"49","author":"J Breeze","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breeze J, Gibbons AJ, Hunt NC, Monaghan AM, Gibb I, Hepper A, et al. Mandibular fractures in British military personnel secondary to blast trauma sustained in Iraq and Afghanistan. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;49(8):607\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2010.10.006.","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3261_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.11.071","volume":"52","author":"CT Brewster","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brewster CT, Forbes K, Handford C, Scallan N, Eskell M, Hettiaratchy S, et al. Planning for UK terror attacks: analysis of blast and ballistic injuries. Injury. 2021;52(5):1221\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2020.11.071.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"3261_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cardi M, Ibrahim K, Alizai SW, Mohammad H, Garatti M, Rainone A, et al. Injury patterns and causes of death in 953 patients with penetrating abdominal war wounds in a civilian independent non-governmental organization hospital in Lashkargah, Afghanistan. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-019-0272-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-019-0272-z"},{"issue":"5","key":"3261_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318270d3ee","volume":"73","author":"MJ Edwards","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edwards MJ, Lustik M, Eichelberger MR, Elster E, Azarow K, Coppola C. Blast injury in children: an analysis from Afghanistan and Iraq, 2002-2010. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(5):1278\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318270d3ee.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR62","first-page":"32","volume":"21","author":"M Fleming","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fleming M, Waterman S, Dunne J, D\u2019Alleyrand JC, Andersen RC. Dismounted complex blast injuries: patterns of injuries and resource utilization associated with the multiple extremity amputee. J Surg Orthop Adv [Internet]. 2012;21(1):32\u201337. Available from: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864846441%26partnerID=40%26md5=2b1c2a3e8ab13837cf3edfba68fd2011.","journal-title":"J Surg Orthop Adv"},{"issue":"12","key":"3261_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800791220","volume":"79","author":"JB Hull","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hull JB. Traumatic amputation by explosive blast: pattern of injury in survivors. J Br Surg. 1992;79(12):1303\u201306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.1800791220.","journal-title":"J Br Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"3261_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810815","volume":"81","author":"JB Hull","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hull JB, Bowyer GW, Cooper GJ, Crane J. Pattern of injury in those dying from traumatic amputation caused by bomb blast. J Br Surg. 1994;81(8):1132\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.1800810815.","journal-title":"J Br Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hull JB, Cooper GJ. Pattern and mechanism of traumatic amputation by explosive blast. J Trauma: Inj, Infect, Crit Care [Internet]. 1996;40(Supplement):S198S-205S. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005373-199603001-00044.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603001-00044"},{"issue":"2","key":"3261_CR66","first-page":"58","volume":"14","author":"THT Kamauzaman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kamauzaman THT, Ahmad R, Latif KA, Hamzah MSSC, Kheng CP. Hand grenade blast injuries: an experience in hospital universiti sains Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci MJMS. 2007, Jul;14(2):58\u201361. PubMed PMID: 22993493; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3442628.","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci MJMS"},{"issue":"7","key":"3261_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2006.03.008","volume":"32","author":"DS Kauvar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kauvar DS, Wolf SE, Wade CE, Cancio LC, Renz EM, Holcomb JB. Burns sustained in combat explosions in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom (OIF\/OEF explosion burns). Burns. 2006;32(7):853\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.burns.2006.03.008.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR68","first-page":"283","volume":"25","author":"MA Khan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khan MA, Muslim M, Ahmed M, Ahmed N, Aurangzeb M, Zarin M, et al. Pattern of abdominal injuries in bomb blast patients. J Med Sci Peshawar [Internet]. 2017;25(3):283\u201386. Available from: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042414573%26partnerID=40%26md5=96e754c9408bf14b5721691e8f0eabd1.","journal-title":"J Med Sci Peshawar"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.03.010","volume":"6","author":"MS Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan MS, Waheed S, Ali A, Mumtaz N, Feroze A, Noordin S. Terrorist attacks in the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan: profile of soft tissue and skeletal injuries from a single trauma center. World J Emerg Med. 2015;6(3):217\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.03.010.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3261_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2022.03.017","volume":"77","author":"\u0130 Korkmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korkmaz \u0130, \u00c7elikkaya ME, At\u0131c\u0131 A, Dirican E. Imaging in paediatric blast injuries: musculoskeletal injuries in the Syrian civil war. Clin Radiol. 2022;77(7):522\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2022.03.017.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3261_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003021","volume":"39","author":"\u0130 Korkmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Korkmaz \u0130, \u00c7elikkaya ME. Blast lung injury in children: injury patterns and associated organ injuries. Pediatr Emer Care. 2023, Jul, 19;39(9):715\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003021.","journal-title":"Pediatr Emer Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-023-02132-x","volume":"30","author":"\u0130 Korkmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Korkmaz \u0130, \u00c7elikkaya ME, At\u0131c\u0131 A. Secondary blast injury: radiological characteristics of shrapnel injuries in children. Emerg Radiol. 2023, Apr, 11;30(3):307\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10140-023-02132-x.","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR73","first-page":"148","volume":"15","author":"S Luria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luria S, Rivkin G, Avitzour M, Liebergall M, Mintz Y, Mosheiff R. Comparative outcome of bomb explosion injuries versus high-powered gunshot injuries of the upper extremity in a civilian setting. Isr Med Assoc J [Internet]. 2013;15(3):148\u201352. Available from: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875397550%26partnerID=40%26md5=9d1ca2ea381cf6d9d61614438a22189a.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3261_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02066988","volume":"16","author":"SG Mellor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mellor SG. The relationship of blast loading to death and injury from explosion. World J Surg. 1992, Sep;16(5):893\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02066988.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000114012.84732.be","volume":"239","author":"K Peleg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peleg K, Aharonson-Daniel L, Stein M, Michaelson M, Kluger Y, Simon D, et al. Gunshot and explosion injuries: characteristics, outcomes, and implications for care of terror-related injuries in Israel. Ann Surg. 2004;239(3):311\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.sla.0000114012.84732.be.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"3261_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1308\/003588409X464720","volume":"91","author":"A Ramasamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramasamy A, Harrisson S, Stewart M, Midwinter M. Penetrating missile injuries during the Iraqi insurgency. Annals. 2009, Oct;91(7):551\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/003588409X464720.","journal-title":"Annals"},{"issue":"6","key":"3261_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318227a999","volume":"71","author":"A Ramasamy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramasamy A, Hill AM, Phillip R, Gibb I, Bull AMJ, Clasper JC. The modern \u201cDeck-slap\u201d injury\u2014calcaneal blast fractures from vehicle explosions. J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care. 2011;71(6):1694\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318227a999.","journal-title":"J Trauma: Inj, Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"3261_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rozenfeld M, Peleg K, Radomislensky I, Ragoler M, Bodas M, Israel Trauma Group (I.T.G.). Bodas M. Injuries from explosions: more differences than similarities between various types. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2023;17:e154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2022.118.","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2022.118"},{"key":"3261_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sargent W, Mahoney P, Clasper J, Bull A, Reavley P, Gibb I. Understanding the burden of injury in children from conflict: an analysis of radiological imaging from a role 3 hospital in Afghanistan in 2011. BMJ Mil Health. 2024, Dec;170(e2):e116\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/military-2022-002336.","DOI":"10.1136\/military-2022-002336"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.05.025","volume":"89","author":"NA Sayer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sayer NA, Chiros CE, Sigford B, Scott S, Clothier B, Pickett T, et al. Characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes among patients with blast and other injuries sustained during the Global war on terror. Archives Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(1):163\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.05.025.","journal-title":"Archives Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3261_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shakargy JD, Gendler S, Talmy T, Shushan G, Radomislensky I, Tsur AM, et al. Blast injury patterns among Israel defense forces fatalities. Mil Med. 2023;188(7\u20138):e1788\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usac280.","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac280"},{"issue":"7","key":"3261_CR82","first-page":"715","volume":"65","author":"AA Surani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Surani AA, Ali S, Surani A, Zahid S, Shoukat A, Varon J, et al. Pattern of external injuries sustained during bomb blast attacks in Karachi, Pakistan from 2000 to 2007. J Pak Med Assoc [Internet]. 2015;65(7):715\u201320. Available from: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84934765187%26partnerID=40%26md5=74f5726356ac14305fd19287a052af8a.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2017-000795","volume":"166","author":"DC Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson DC, Crooks RJ, Clasper JC, Lupu A, Stapley SA, Cloke DJ. The pattern of paediatric blast injury in Afghanistan. BMJ Mil Health. 2020;166(3):151\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2017-000795.","journal-title":"BMJ Mil Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-4-46","volume":"4","author":"I Wani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wani I, Parray FQ, Sheikh T, Wani RA, Amin A, Gul I, et al. Spectrum of abdominal organ injury in a primary blast type. World J Emerg Surg. 2009;4(1):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1749-7922-4-46.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181e7f177","volume":"25","author":"YA Weil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weil YA, Peleg K, Givon A, Mosheiff R. Penetrating and orthopaedic Trauma from blast versus gunshots caused by terrorism: Israel\u2019s national experience. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(3):145\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181e7f177.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.08.009","volume":"48","author":"M Wordsworth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wordsworth M, Thomas R, Breeze J, Evriviades D, Baden J, Hettiaratchy S. The surgical management of facial trauma in British soldiers during combat operations in Afghanistan. Injury. 2017;48(1):70\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2016.08.009.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"3261_CR87","unstructured":"United Nations. United Nations Improvised Explosive Device Threat Mitigation Handbook [Internet]. Report second edition. Available from: 2025. https:\/\/resourcehub01.blob.core.windows.net\/$web\/Policy%20and%20Guidance\/corepeacekeepingguidance\/Thematic%20Operational%20Activities\/Military\/2025.11%20United%20Nations%20Improvised%20Explosive%20Device%20Threat%20Mitigation%20Handbook%20(Second%20edition).pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"3261_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_110_23","volume":"14","author":"MM Ahmad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmad MM, Suleiman IK, James O, Olasoji HO, Sanda AK, Shehu IM, et al. Pattern and management of missile injury to the oral and maxillofacial region: a 12-year experience during Boko Haram insurgency in Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2024, Apr;14(2):192\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_110_23.","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"key":"3261_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olofinbiyi SA. On the crisis of Boko Haram terrorism: causes and perspectives [Internet]. 1st ed. New York: Routledge; 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 12]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003393832.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003393832"},{"key":"3261_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atesalp AS, Erler K, G\u00fcr E, K\u00f6se\u011dlu E, Kirdem\u00edr V, Dem\u00edralp B. Bilateral lower limb amputations as a result of landmine injuries. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1999, Apr;23(1):50\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/03093649909071610.","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649909071610"},{"issue":"7","key":"3261_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.08.027","volume":"43","author":"JO Jansen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jansen JO, Thomas GOR, Adams SA, Tai NRM, Russell R, Morrison J, et al. Early management of proximal traumatic lower extremity amputation and pelvic injury caused by improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Injury. 2012, Jul;43(7):976\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2011.08.027.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"3261_CR92","unstructured":"Jeffrey C Stephenson O. Lessons learnt and battlefield innovations from the middle East Area of Operations. JMVH. 2008;16(4)."},{"key":"3261_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kiriu N, Saitoh D, Sekine Y, Yamamura K, Fujita M, Mizukaki T, et al. Effectiveness of body armor against shock waves: preventing blast injury in a confined space. Cureus. 2024, Apr;16(4):e57568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.57568 PubMed PMID: 38707053; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC11069021.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57568"},{"key":"3261_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ostfeld I, Kachel E, Shafir O, Gal I, Cohen Y, Kugel C, et al. The October 7, 2023, Attack on Israel Indicates a change in Trauma patterns of terror victims, due to the use of Thermobaric weapons. Mil Med. 2025;190(7\u20138):e1398\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usae555.","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae555"},{"key":"3261_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reed AM, Janak JC, Orman JA, Hudak SJ. Genitourinary injuries among female U.S. Service members during operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom: findings from the Trauma Outcomes and urogenital Health (TOUGH) project. Mil Med. 2018, Jul;183(7\u20138):e304\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usx079.","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx079"},{"key":"3261_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ostfeld I, Kachel E, Shafir O, Gal I, Cohen Y, Kugel C, et al. The October 7, 2023, Attack on Israel Indicates a change in Trauma patterns of terror victims, due to the use of Thermobaric weapons. Mil Med. 2025 Jun 2025;190(7\u20138):e1398\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usae555 The October 7.","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae555"},{"issue":"2","key":"3261_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/military-2024-002863","volume":"172","author":"LL Lawry","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lawry LL, Mani V, Hamm T, Janvrin M, Juman L, Korona-Bailey J, et al. Qualitative assessment of combat-related injury patterns and injury prevention in Ukraine since the Russian invasion. BMJ Mil Health. 2026;military-2024-002863. doi: 172(2):154\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/military-2024-002863.","journal-title":"BMJ Mil Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3261_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000004531","volume":"98","author":"I Fogel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fogel I, Balziano S, Tunik M, Prat D, Barzilay R, Greenstein N. Efficient evacuation \u2014 enhanced survival: insights from Gaza conflict trauma care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2025, May;98(5):798\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000004531.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irae207","volume":"46","author":"D Shilo Yaacobi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shilo Yaacobi D, Hayun Y, Hilewitz D, Ad-El DD, Meshulam-Derazon S, Radomislensky I, et al. Analysis of burn casualties in the Swords of iron war. J Burn Care Res. 2025, Aug, 12;46(3):553\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jbcr\/irae207.","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3261_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111839","volume":"56","author":"U Neeman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neeman U, Hashavia E, Soffer D, Timor I, Zeltser D, Padova H, et al. Blast injuries: the experience of a level 1 trauma center. Injury. 2025, Jan;56(1):111839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111839.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"6","key":"3261_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2013.05.006","volume":"6","author":"Y Fares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fares Y, El-Zaatari M, Fares J, Bedrosian N, Yared N. Trauma-related infections due to cluster munitions. J Infect Public Health. 2013, Dec;6(6):482\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2013.05.006.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3261_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-015-9275-x","volume":"8","author":"AJ Sheean","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sheean AJ, Tintle SM, Rhee PC. Soft tissue and wound management of blast injuries. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015, Sep;8(3):265\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-015-9275-x PubMed PMID: 26002232; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4596198.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03261-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03261-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03261-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:05:50Z","timestamp":1787580350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03261-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-026-03261-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-9941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-9941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"266"}}