{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:16:33Z","timestamp":1757618193064,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anaesthesiologie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-025-01531-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T06:48:54Z","timestamp":1747291734000},"page":"476-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie bei lebensbedrohlichen Infektionen\u00a0\u2013 aktuelle Konzepte und Kontroversen","Empirical antibiotic therapy in life-threatening infections\u2014current concepts and controversies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Chiriac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Eckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O. R.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Grabein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Liebchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1531_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06050-1","volume":"46","author":"MH Abdul-Aziz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz\u00a0MH, Alffenaar\u00a0JC, Bassetti\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2020) Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a\u00a0Position Paper(). Intensive Care Med 46:1127\u20131153","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.9803","volume":"332","author":"MH Abdul-Aziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz\u00a0MH, Hammond\u00a0NE, Brett\u00a0SJ et\u00a0al (2024) Prolonged vs Intermittent Infusions of \u03b2\u2011Lactam Antibiotics in Adults With Sepsis or Septic Shock: A\u00a0Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA 332:638\u2013648","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1531_CR3","first-page":"277","volume":"121","author":"SJS Aghdassi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aghdassi\u00a0SJS, Hansen\u00a0S, Diaz\u00a0PLA et\u00a0al (2024) Healthcare-Associated Infections and the Use of Antibiotics in German Hospitals\u2014Results of the Point Prevalence Survey of 2022 and Comparison With Earlier Findings. Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int 121:277\u2013283","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int"},{"key":"1531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00172","volume":"11","author":"D Alihodzic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alihodzic\u00a0D, Broeker\u00a0A, Baehr\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2020) Impact of Inaccurate Documentation of Sampling and Infusion Time in Model-Informed Precision Dosing. Front Pharmacol 11:1\u201312","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1531_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002172","volume":"45","author":"JC Alverdy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alverdy\u00a0JC, Krezalek\u00a0MA (2017) Collapse of the Microbiome, Emergence of the Pathobiome, and the Immunopathology of Sepsis. Crit Care Med 45:337\u2013347","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"GBD Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators\u00a0GBD (2022) Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a\u00a0systematic analysis. Lancet 399:629\u2013655","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1531_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","volume":"400","author":"GBD Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators\u00a0GBD (2022) Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a\u00a0systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 400:2221\u20132248","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1531_CR8","first-page":"407","volume":"41","author":"U Blassmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blassmann\u00a0U, Frey\u00a0OR, R\u00f6hr\u00a0AC et\u00a0al (2020) Therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring von Antibiotika bei kritisch kranken Intensivpatienten. Krankenhauspharmazie 41:407\u2013415","journal-title":"Krankenhauspharmazie"},{"key":"1531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2022.128","volume":"23","author":"EE Blears","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blears\u00a0EE, Morris\u00a0J, Popp\u00a0D et\u00a0al (2022) Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Treated with Vancomycin and Zosyn or an Alternative: A\u00a0Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Surg Infect (larchmt) 23:516\u2013524","journal-title":"Surg Infect (larchmt)"},{"key":"1531_CR10","first-page":"10","volume":"27","author":"A Brinkmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brinkmann\u00a0A, Chiriac\u00a0U, Frey\u00a0OR et\u00a0al (2023) MERCY: Kontinuierliche versus intermittierende Applikation von Meropenem bei kritisch kranken Patienten mit Sepsis. IntensivNews 27:10\u201313","journal-title":"IntensivNews"},{"key":"1531_CR11","first-page":"52","volume":"65","author":"A Brinkmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brinkmann\u00a0A, Chiriac\u00a0U, Liebchen\u00a0U et\u00a0al (2024) Antibiotikatherapie bei kritisch Kranken auf der Intensivstation \u2013 was sollten wir beachten und nicht aus dem Fokus verlieren. An\u00e4sth Intensivmed 65:52\u201364","journal-title":"An\u00e4sth Intensivmed"},{"key":"1531_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-016-0213-5","volume":"113","author":"A Brinkmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brinkmann\u00a0A, R\u00f6hr\u00a0AC, K\u00f6berer\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2018) Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring und individualisierte Dosierung von Antibiotika bei der Sepsis Modern oder nur \u201emodisch\u201c? (Therapeutic drug monitoring and individual dosing of antibiotics during sepsis : Modern or just \u201ctrendy\u201d?). Med Klin. Intensivmed Notfmed 113:82\u201393","journal-title":"Intensivmed Notfmed"},{"issue":"1286","key":"1531_CR13","first-page":"e1281","volume":"25","author":"A Broeker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broeker\u00a0A, Nardecchia\u00a0M, Klinker\u00a0KP et\u00a0al (2019) Towards precision dosing of vancomycin: a\u00a0systematic evaluation of pharmacometric models for Bayesian forecasting. Clin Microbiol Infect 25(1286):e1281\u20131286","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1531_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-020-00685-0","volume":"115","author":"FM Brunkhorst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brunkhorst\u00a0FM, Weigand\u00a0MA, Pletz\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2020) S3-Leitlinie Sepsis \u2013 Pr\u00e4vention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge Langfassung. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 115:37\u2013109","journal-title":"Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed"},{"key":"1531_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00910-2022","volume":"61","author":"R Chanderraj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chanderraj\u00a0R, Baker\u00a0JM, Kay\u00a0SG et\u00a0al (2023) In critically ill patients, anti-anaerobic antibiotics increase risk of adverse clinical outcomes. Eur Respir\u00a0J 61:1\u201320","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1531_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.27897","volume":"331","author":"R Chanderraj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chanderraj\u00a0R, Dickson\u00a0RP, Sjoding\u00a0MW (2024) Cefepime vs Piperacillin-Tazobactam for Acute Infection in Hospitalized Adults; comment and response. JAMA 331:707\u2013708","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.03.046","volume":"164","author":"AY Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0AY, Deng\u00a0CY, Calvachi-Prieto\u00a0P et\u00a0al (2023) A Large-Scale Multicenter Retrospective Study on Nephrotoxicity Associated With Empiric Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients. Chest 164:355\u2013368","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00276-17","volume":"61","author":"L Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng\u00a0L, Nelson\u00a0BC, Mehta\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2017) Piperacillin-Tazobactam versus Other Antibacterial Agents for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to AmpC beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:1\u201310","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26253","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026253","volume":"100","author":"U Chiriac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiriac\u00a0U, Frey\u00a0OR, Roehr\u00a0AC et\u00a0al (2021) Personalized \u03b2\u2011lactam dosing in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumonia: A\u00a0retrospective analysis on pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic target attainment. Med (baltimore) 100:e26253","journal-title":"Med (baltimore)"},{"key":"1531_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"U Chiriac","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiriac\u00a0U, Richter\u00a0D, Frey\u00a0OR et\u00a0al (2023) Software- and TDM-Guided Dosing of Meropenem Promises High Rates of Target Attainment in Critically Ill Patients. Antibiot (basel) 12:1\u201314","journal-title":"Antibiot (basel)"},{"key":"1531_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"U Chiriac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiriac\u00a0U, Richter\u00a0DC, Frey\u00a0OR et\u00a0al (2021) Personalized Piperacillin Dosing for the Critically Ill: A\u00a0Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Experience with Dosing Software and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring to Optimize Antimicrobial Dosing. Antibiot (basel) 10:1\u201313","journal-title":"Antibiot (basel)"},{"key":"1531_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/516284","volume":"26","author":"WA Craig","year":"1998","unstructured":"Craig\u00a0WA (1998) Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 26:1\u201310","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.022","volume":"28","author":"J Curran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Curran\u00a0J, Lo\u00a0J, Leung\u00a0V et\u00a0al (2022) Estimating daily antibiotic harms: an umbrella review with individual study meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 28:479\u2013490","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1531_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneman N, Rishu A, Pinto R et\u00a0al (2024) Antibiotic Treatment for 7 versus 14 Days in Patients with Bloodstream Infections. N\u00a0Engl J Med","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae631.007"},{"key":"1531_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac706","volume":"10","author":"K Davar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davar\u00a0K, Clark\u00a0D, Centor\u00a0RM et\u00a0al (2023) Can the Future of ID Escape the Inertial Dogma of Its Past? The Exemplars of Shorter Is Better and Oral Is the New IV. Open Forum Infect Dis 10:1\u20139","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00053-0","volume":"16","author":"E De Jong","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Jong\u00a0E, Van Oers\u00a0JA, Beishuizen\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2016) Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: a\u00a0randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis 16:819\u2013827","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"H Derendorf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Derendorf\u00a0H, Heinrichs\u00a0T, Reimers\u00a0T et\u00a0al (2020) Calculated initial parenteral treatment of bacterial infections: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. GMS. Infect Dis 8:1\u201333","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro862","volume":"2","author":"GL Drusano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Drusano\u00a0GL (2004) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: critical interactions of \u2019bug and drug\u2018. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:289\u2013300","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1531_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.9779","volume":"332","author":"JM Dulhunty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dulhunty\u00a0JM, Brett\u00a0SJ, De Waele\u00a0JJ et\u00a0al (2024) Continuous vs Intermittent beta-Lactam Antibiotic Infusions in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: The BLING III Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 332:629\u2013637","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1531_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1063","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005337","volume":"49","author":"L Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans\u00a0L, Rhodes\u00a0A, Alhazzani\u00a0W et\u00a0al (2021) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med 49:e1063\u2013e1143","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1497-0693","volume":"75","author":"S Ewig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ewig\u00a0S, Kolditz\u00a0M, Pletz\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2021) Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit ambulant erworbener Pneumonie \u2013 Update 2021(*) (Management of Adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Prevention \u2013 Update 2021 \u2013 Guideline of the German Respiratory Society (DGP), the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy (PEG), the German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), the German Society of Medical Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DGIIN), the German Viological Society (DGV), the Competence Network CAPNETZ, the German College of General Practitioneers and Family Physicians (DEGAM), the German Society for Geriatric Medicine (DGG), the German Palliative Society (DGP), the Austrian Society of Pneumology Society (OGP), the Austrian Society for Infectious and Tropical Diseases (OGIT), the Swiss Respiratory Society (SGP) and the Swiss Society for Infectious Diseases Society (SSI)). Pneumologie 75:665\u2013729","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"1531_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06921-9","volume":"48","author":"TMJ Ewoldt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ewoldt\u00a0TMJ, Abdulla\u00a0A, Rietdijk\u00a0WJR et\u00a0al (2022) Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a\u00a0multicentre randomised clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 48:1760\u20131771","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR33","first-page":"2206","volume":"114","author":"G F\u00e4tkenheuer","year":"2017","unstructured":"F\u00e4tkenheuer\u00a0G, Salzberger\u00a0B, Kern\u00a0WV (2017) Einfache Faustregeln greifen zu kurz. Dtsch \u00c4rztebl 114:2206\u20132208","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl"},{"key":"1531_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2015.01.001","volume":"41","author":"A Fournier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fournier\u00a0A, Eggimann\u00a0P, Pagani\u00a0JL et\u00a0al (2015) Impact of the introduction of real-time therapeutic drug monitoring on empirical doses of carbapenems in critically ill burn patients. Burns 41:956\u2013968","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"1531_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.02.030","volume":"23","author":"C Garcia-Vidal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia-Vidal\u00a0C, Sanchez-Rodriguez\u00a0I, Simonetti\u00a0AF et\u00a0al (2017) Levofloxacin versus azithromycin for treating legionella pneumonia: a\u00a0propensity score analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 23:653\u2013658","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1531_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04911-5","volume":"28","author":"M Gatti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gatti\u00a0M, Cojutti\u00a0PG, Pea\u00a0F (2024) Impact of attaining aggressive vs. conservative PK\/PD target on the clinical efficacy of beta-lactams for the treatment of Gram-negative infections in the critically ill patients: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 28:1\u201318","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1531_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07154-0","volume":"49","author":"S Greppmair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Greppmair\u00a0S, Brinkmann\u00a0A, Roehr\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2023) Towards model-informed precision dosing of piperacillin: multicenter systematic external evaluation of pharmacokinetic models in critically ill adults with a\u00a0focus on Bayesian forecasting. Intensive Care Med 49:966\u2013976","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2378-9","volume":"23","author":"R Guilhaumou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guilhaumou\u00a0R, Benaboud\u00a0S, Bennis\u00a0Y et\u00a0al (2019) Optimization of the treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients-guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Societe Francaise de Pharmacologie et Therapeutique-SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Societe Francaise d\u2019Anesthesie et Reanimation-SFAR). Crit Care 23:1\u201320","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1531_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulyas E, Horvath IL, Engh MA et\u00a0al (2024) Assessment of the practical impact of adjusting beta-lactam dosages based on therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and observational studies. Sci Rep 14:","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58200-w"},{"key":"1531_CR40","volume-title":"medRxiv preprint","author":"F Hamilton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamilton\u00a0F, Lee\u00a0TC, Butler-Laporte\u00a0G (2024) Instrumental variable analysis: choice of control variables is critical and can lead to biased results. In: medRxiv preprint"},{"key":"1531_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000514","volume":"42","author":"TP Hanrahan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hanrahan\u00a0TP, Harlow\u00a0G, Hutchinson\u00a0J et\u00a0al (2014) Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in the critically ill: a\u00a0retrospective multivariate regression analysis. Crit Care Med 42:2527\u20132536","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12163","volume":"320","author":"PNA Harris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harris\u00a0PNA, Tambyah\u00a0PA, Lye\u00a0DC et\u00a0al (2018) Effect of Piperacillin-Tazobactam vs Meropenem on 30-Day Mortality for Patients With E coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Infection and Ceftriaxone Resistance: A\u00a0Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 320:984\u2013994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1531_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-020-00767-z","volume":"116","author":"H Hilgarth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hilgarth\u00a0H, Baehr\u00a0M, Kluge\u00a0S et\u00a0al (2021) Pharmacological\/pharmaceutical counseling in intensive care medicine. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 116:173\u2013184","journal-title":"Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed"},{"key":"1531_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2842","volume":"43","author":"LT Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong\u00a0LT, Downes\u00a0KJ, Fakhriravari\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2023) International consensus recommendations for the use of prolonged-infusion beta-lactam antibiotics: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy 43:740\u2013777","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"1531_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2418234","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.18234","volume":"7","author":"SM Karaba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karaba\u00a0SM, Cosgrove\u00a0SE, Lee\u00a0JH et\u00a0al (2024) Extended-Infusion beta-Lactam Therapy, Mortality, and Subsequent Antibiotic Resistance Among Hospitalized Adults With Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections. Jama Netw Open 7:e2418234","journal-title":"Jama Netw Open"},{"key":"1531_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i19.3027","volume":"29","author":"K Kasparian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasparian\u00a0K, Christou\u00a0CD, Petidis\u00a0K et\u00a0al (2023) Short vs long-course antibiotic therapy in adults with acute cholangitis: A\u00a0systematic review, meta-analysis, and evidence quality assessment. World J Gastroenterol 29:3027\u20133039","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1531_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/34.4.555","volume":"34","author":"M Komuro","year":"1994","unstructured":"Komuro\u00a0M, Maeda\u00a0T, Kakuo\u00a0H et\u00a0al (1994) Inhibition of the renal excretion of tazobactam by piperacillin. J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother 34:555\u2013564","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1531_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig C, Grensemann J, Czorlich P et\u00a0al (2022) A dosing nomograph for cerebrospinal fluid penetration of meropenem applied by continuous infusion in patients with nosocomial ventriculitis. Clin Microbiol Infect: e1029\u2013e1022.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.02.017"},{"key":"1531_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300413","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00413-2023","volume":"61","author":"RFJ Kullberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kullberg\u00a0RFJ, Schinkel\u00a0M, Wiersinga\u00a0WJ (2023) Empiric anti-anaerobic antibiotics are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in emergency department patients. Eur Respir\u00a0J 61:2300413","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1531_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00079-X","volume":"5","author":"RFJ Kullberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kullberg\u00a0RFJ, Wikki\u00a0I, Haak\u00a0BW et\u00a0al (2024) Association between butyrate-producing gut bacteria and the risk of infectious disease hospitalisation: results from two observational, population-based microbiome studies. Lancet Microbe 5:1\u201310","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"1531_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"O Kumpf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumpf\u00a0O, Assenheimer\u00a0M, Bloos\u00a0F et\u00a0al (2023) Quality indicators in intensive care medicine for Germany\u2014fourth edition 2022. Ger Med Sci 21:1\u201327","journal-title":"Ger Med Sci"},{"key":"1531_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-06990-4","volume":"49","author":"U Liebchen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liebchen\u00a0U, Briegel\u00a0J, Brinkmann\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2023) Individualised dosing of antibiotics in ICU patients: timing, target and model selection matter. Intensive Care Med 49:475\u2013476","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto K, Oda K, Shoji K et\u00a0al (2022) Clinical Practice Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin in the Framework of Model-Informed Precision Dosing: A\u00a0Consensus Review by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Society of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Pharmaceutics 14:","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030489"},{"key":"1531_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06811-0","volume":"48","author":"TA Miano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miano\u00a0TA, Hennessy\u00a0S, Yang\u00a0W et\u00a0al (2022) Association of vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam with early changes in creatinine versus cystatin C in critically ill adults: a\u00a0prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 48:1144\u20131155","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5088-x","volume":"44","author":"P Montravers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montravers\u00a0P, Tubach\u00a0F, Lescot\u00a0T et\u00a0al (2018) Short-course antibiotic therapy for critically ill patients treated for postoperative intra-abdominal infection: the DURAPOP randomised clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 44:300\u2013310","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx427","volume":"73","author":"JW Mouton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mouton\u00a0JW, Muller\u00a0AE, Canton\u00a0R et\u00a0al (2018) MIC-based dose adjustment: facts and fables. J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother 73:564\u2013568","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1531_CR57","first-page":"203","volume":"39","author":"JL Nagel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nagel\u00a0JL, Rarus\u00a0RE, Crowley\u00a0AW et\u00a0al (2014) Retrospective analysis of azithromycin versus fluoroquinolones for the treatment of legionella pneumonia. P\u00a0T 39:203\u2013205","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"1531_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac506","volume":"75","author":"R Pai Mangalore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pai Mangalore\u00a0R, Ashok\u00a0A, Lee\u00a0SJ et\u00a0al (2022) Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients: A\u00a0Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 75:1848\u20131860","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04677-2","volume":"27","author":"M Papp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papp\u00a0M, Kiss\u00a0N, Baka\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2023) Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy may shorten length of treatment and may improve survival\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 27:1\u201315","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1531_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.20583","volume":"330","author":"ET Qian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qian\u00a0ET, Casey\u00a0JD, Wright\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2023) Cefepime vs Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Adults Hospitalized With Acute Infection: The ACORN Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 330:1557\u20131567","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1531_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000949","volume":"44","author":"DC Richter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Richter\u00a0DC, Heininger\u00a0A, Chiriac\u00a0U et\u00a0al (2022) Antibiotic stewardship and therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-Lactam antibiotics: is there a\u00a0link? An opinion paper. Ther Drug Monit 44:103\u2013111","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"1531_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70036-2","volume":"14","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts\u00a0JA, Abdul-Aziz\u00a0MH, Lipman\u00a0J et\u00a0al (2014) Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions. Lancet Infect Dis 14:498\u2013509","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu027","volume":"58","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts\u00a0JA, Paul\u00a0SK, Akova\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2014) DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current beta-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Clin Infect Dis 58:1072\u20131083","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05522-3","volume":"45","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts\u00a0JA, Roger\u00a0C, De Waele\u00a0JJ (2019) Personalized antibiotic dosing for the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 45:715\u2013718","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1531_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2023.12.007","volume":"4","author":"C Roger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roger\u00a0C (2024) Understanding antimicrobial pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients to optimize antimicrobial therapy: A\u00a0narrative review. J\u00a0Intensive Med 4:287\u2013298","journal-title":"J Intensive Med"},{"key":"1531_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabo SR, Venkatramanan A, Shorr AF (2024) At the Intersection of Critical Care and Infectious Diseases: The Year in Review. Biomedicines 12:","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030562"},{"key":"1531_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1401","volume":"128","author":"M Sabria","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sabria\u00a0M, Pedro-Botet\u00a0ML, Gomez\u00a0J et\u00a0al (2005) Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides in the treatment of Legionnaires disease. Chest 128:1401\u20131405","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1531_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081585","volume":"14","author":"M Sanz Codina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanz Codina\u00a0M, Gatti\u00a0M, Troisi\u00a0C et\u00a0al (2022) Relationship between Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment and Microbiological Outcome in Critically Ill COVID-19\u00a0Patients with Documented Gram-Negative Superinfections Treated with TDM-Guided Continuous-Infusion Meropenem. Pharmaceutics 14:1\u201310","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"1531_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.03.018","volume":"29","author":"MS Sanz Codina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanz Codina\u00a0MS, Bozkir\u00a0HO, Jorda\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2023) Individualised antimicrobial dose optimisation: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Microbiol Infect 29:845\u2013857","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1531_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411162","volume":"372","author":"RG Sawyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sawyer\u00a0RG, Claridge\u00a0JA, Nathens\u00a0AB et\u00a0al (2015) Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N\u00a0Engl J Med 372:1996\u20132005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1531_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00104-23","volume":"67","author":"LM Schatz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schatz\u00a0LM, Brinkmann\u00a0A, Rohr\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2023) Systematic Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Models for Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Meropenem in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 67:1\u20138","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1531_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schatz LM, Greppmair S, Kunzelmann AK et\u00a0al (2024) Predictive performance of multi-model approaches for model-informed precision dosing of piperacillin in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 107305:","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107305"},{"key":"1531_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-022-01150-7","volume":"71","author":"LM Schatz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schatz\u00a0LM, Zoller\u00a0M, Scharf\u00a0C et\u00a0al (2022) Therapeutisches Drugmonitoring und pharmakokinetische Modelle als Strategie zur rationalen Antibiotikatherapie bei IntensivpatientInnen (Therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic models as a\u00a0strategy for rational antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients). Anaesthesiologie 71:495\u2013501","journal-title":"Anaesthesiologie"},{"key":"1531_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","volume":"315","author":"CW Seymour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seymour\u00a0CW, Liu\u00a0VX, Iwashyna\u00a0TJ et\u00a0al (2016) Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA 315:762\u2013774","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1531_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad327","volume":"78","author":"AK Smekal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smekal\u00a0AK, Furebring\u00a0M, Lipcsey\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2023) Swedish multicentre study of target attainments with beta-lactams in the ICU: which MIC parameter should be used? J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother 78:2895\u20132901","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1531_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.3646","volume":"176","author":"B Spellberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spellberg\u00a0B (2016) The New Antibiotic Mantra-\u201cShorter Is Better\u201d. JAMA Intern Med 176:1254\u20131255","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1531_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.04.005","volume":"29","author":"B Spellberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spellberg\u00a0B, Rice\u00a0LB (2023) The Shorter Is Better movement: past, present, future. Clin Microbiol Infect 29:141\u2013142","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1531_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6348","volume":"323","author":"E Von Dach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Von Dach\u00a0E, Albrich\u00a0WC, Brunel\u00a0AS et\u00a0al (2020) Effect of C\u2011Reactive Protein-Guided Antibiotic Treatment Duration, 7\u2011Day Treatment, or 14-Day Treatment on 30-Day Clinical Failure Rate in Patients With Uncomplicated Gram-Negative Bacteremia: A\u00a0Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 323:2160\u20132169","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1531_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.010","volume":"45","author":"SG Wicha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wicha\u00a0SG, Kees\u00a0MG, Solms\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2015) TDMx: a\u00a0novel web-based open-access support tool for optimising antimicrobial dosing regimens in clinical routine. Int J Antimicrob Agents 45:442\u2013444","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1531_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2202","volume":"109","author":"SG Wicha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wicha\u00a0SG, Martson\u00a0AG, Nielsen\u00a0EI et\u00a0al (2021) From therapeutic drug monitoring to model-informed precision dosing for antibiotics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 109:928\u2013941","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1531_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiersinga WJ, Van Agtmael MA (2024) Resolving the Dilemma on Continuous vs Intermittent beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Sepsis. JAMA","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.10168"},{"key":"1531_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107192","volume":"64","author":"P Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams\u00a0P, Cotta\u00a0MO, Tabah\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2024) Antimicrobial Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in critically ill adult patients\u2014an international perspective on access, utilisation, and barriers. Int J Antimicrob Agents 64:1\u20136","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1531_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt523","volume":"69","author":"G Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong\u00a0G, Brinkmann\u00a0A, Benefield\u00a0RJ et\u00a0al (2014) An international, multicentre survey of beta-lactam antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring practice in intensive care units. J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother 69:1416\u20131423","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"e01693","key":"1531_CR84","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"E Zaura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaura\u00a0E, Brandt\u00a0BW, Teixeira De Mattos\u00a0MJ et\u00a0al (2015) Same Exposure but Two Radically Different Responses to Antibiotics: Resilience of the Salivary Microbiome versus Long-Term Microbial Shifts in Feces. mBio 6(e01693):1\u201311","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":["Die Anaesthesiologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00101-025-01531-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00101-025-01531-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00101-025-01531-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T15:29:01Z","timestamp":1757172541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00101-025-01531-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00101-025-01531-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6858","2731-6866"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2731-6858"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-6866"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien"}},{"value":"A.\u00a0Brinkmann, U.\u00a0Chiriac, C.\u00a0Eckmann, O.R.\u00a0Frey, B.\u00a0Grabein, S.\u00a0Hagel, D.\u00a0Richter und U.\u00a0Liebchen geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}},{"value":"F\u00fcr diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor\/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgef\u00fchrt. F\u00fcr die aufgef\u00fchrten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}}]}}