{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T14:40:06Z","timestamp":1748875206952,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bundesgesundheitsbl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Im Sinne eines ganzheitlichen Schutzes der Gesundheit von Mensch, Tier und Umwelt (One Health) werden neben den konventionellen Ans\u00e4tzen zunehmend Alternativen gesucht, um das Auftreten unerw\u00fcnschter Bakterien kontrollieren zu k\u00f6nnen. W\u00e4hrend sich klassische Antibiotika durch ihr breites Wirkungsspektrum auszeichnen, wird ihr Einsatz aufgrund zunehmender Resistenzentwicklungen kritisch diskutiert. Dar\u00fcber hinaus hat der Einsatz von Antibiotika h\u00e4ufig gravierende Auswirkungen auf das umgebende Mikrobiom, dessen nat\u00fcrliche Zusammensetzung nachhaltig ver\u00e4ndert werden kann. Die Notwendigkeit einer antibiotikafreien und zielgerichteten Bek\u00e4mpfung bakterieller Infektionserreger stellt derzeit alle One-Health-Sektoren vor eine Herausforderung. Mit wachsendem Interesse werden z.\u202fT. lange vernachl\u00e4ssigte Bek\u00e4mpfungsstrategien wiederentdeckt, die im Idealfall sektor\u00fcbergreifend zur Sicherung der Gesundheit beitragen k\u00f6nnen.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Bakteriophagen (Phagen) kommen in allen \u00d6kosystemen vor und stellen eine vielversprechende Ressource f\u00fcr die gezielte Biokontrolle von Bakterien dar. Als Viren, die nur bakterielle Zellen infizieren, interagieren sie spezifisch mit ihren Bakterienwirten, um deren Stoffwechsel f\u00fcr ihre Vermehrung zu nutzen. Dies geht mit der Zerst\u00f6rung der Bakterienzelle einher. Der Nutzen dieser nat\u00fcrlichen R\u00e4uber-Beute-Beziehung f\u00fcr die Bek\u00e4mpfung bakterieller Infektionserreger ist seit Langem bekannt und umfassend untersucht worden. Die vorliegende \u00dcbersichtsarbeit fasst ausgew\u00e4hlte Studien zusammen, die das Potenzial und die Anwendungsm\u00f6glichkeiten, aber auch die Herausforderungen des Phageneinsatzes verdeutlichen. Aufgrund ihrer sektor\u00fcbergreifenden Relevanz wird der Einsatz von Phagen bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren, in Lebensmitteln und in der Umwelt beispielhaft dargestellt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-025-04055-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T17:24:15Z","timestamp":1747761855000},"page":"625-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Einsatz von Phagen bei Nutztieren, in Lebensmitteln und in der Umwelt im Rahmen eines One-Health-Ansatzes\u00a0\u2013 Potenziale und Herausforderungen","Application of phages in farm animals, food and the environment as part of a\u00a0One Health approach\u2014potentials and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Kittler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens A.","family":"Hammerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"4055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100755","volume":"9","author":"A Auplish","year":"2024","unstructured":"Auplish\u00a0A, Raj\u00a0E, Booijink\u00a0Y et\u00a0al (2024) Current evidence of the economic value of One Health initiatives: A\u00a0systematic literature review. One Health 9(18):100755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100755","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"4055_CR2","first-page":"2019","volume-title":"Fourth joint inter-agency report on integrated analysis of antimicrobial consumption and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals in the European Union","author":"ECDC E, EMA","year":"2024","unstructured":"ECDC E, EMA (2024) Fourth joint inter-agency report on integrated analysis of antimicrobial consumption and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals in the European Union, S\u00a02019\u20132021"},{"key":"4055_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2012_238","volume":"366","author":"PR Wielinga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wielinga\u00a0PR, Schlundt\u00a0J (2013) Food Safety: at the center of a\u00a0One Health approach for combating zoonoses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 366:3\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/82_2012_238","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"4055_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3360","volume":"11","author":"A Imran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Imran\u00a0A, Shehzadi\u00a0U, Islam\u00a0F et\u00a0al (2023) Bacteriophages and food safety: an updated overview. Food Sci Nutr 11:3621\u20133630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.3360","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4055_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2024.2313024","volume":"50","author":"R Aggarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aggarwal\u00a0R, Mahajan\u00a0P, Pandiya\u00a0S et\u00a0al (2023) Antibiotic resistance: a\u00a0global crisis, problems and solutions. Crit Rev Microbiol 50(5):896\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1040841X.2024.2313024","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4055_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TAB-Arbeitsbericht Nr Bakteriophagen in Medizin, Land- und Lebensmittelwirtschaft \u2013 Anwendungsperspektiven, Innovations- und Regulierungsfragen. Innovationsanalyse. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5445\/IR\/1000160512","DOI":"10.5445\/IR\/1000160512"},{"key":"4055_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.649-659.2001","volume":"45","author":"A Sulakvelidze","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sulakvelidze\u00a0A, Alavidze\u00a0Z, Morris\u00a0JG Jr (2001) Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:649\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.45.3.649-659.2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"athogens1004046","key":"4055_CR8","first-page":"3390","volume":"1010","author":"D Kathayat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kathayat\u00a0D, Lokesh\u00a0D, Ranjit\u00a0S, Rajashekara\u00a0G (2021) Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies. Pathogens 1010(athogens10040467):3390","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"4055_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.015","volume":"146","author":"A Oliveira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliveira\u00a0A, Sereno\u00a0R, Azeredo\u00a0J (2010) In vivo efficiency evaluation of a\u00a0phage cocktail in controlling severe colibacillosis in confined conditions and experimental poultry houses. Vet Microbiol 146:303\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.015","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"4055_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253815","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1253815","volume":"13","author":"L Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao\u00a0L, Bao\u00a0Y, Hu\u00a0J et\u00a0al (2023) A lytic phage to control multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1253815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1253815","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4055_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102967","volume":"102","author":"M Nicolas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicolas\u00a0M, Faurie\u00a0A, Girault\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2023) In ovo administration of a\u00a0phage cocktail partially prevents colibacillosis in chicks. Poult Sci 102:102967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102967","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"4055_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690377","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.690377","volume":"11","author":"M Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo\u00a0M, Gao\u00a0Y, Xue\u00a0Y et\u00a0al (2021) Bacteriophage Cocktails Protect Dairy Cows Against Mastitis Caused By Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:690377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.690377","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4055_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00259","volume":"162","author":"J Honegger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Honegger\u00a0J, Lehnherr\u00a0H, Bachofen\u00a0C, Stephan\u00a0R, Sidler\u00a0X (2020) Field trial for eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a\u00a0pig breeding farm by bacteriophages. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 162:307\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17236\/sat00259","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"4055_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101888","author":"H Tuomala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tuomala\u00a0H, Verkola\u00a0M, Meller\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2021) Phage Treatment Trial to Eradicate LA-MRSA from Healthy Carrier Pigs. Viruses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13101888","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4055_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49248-1","volume":"13","author":"A Hosseindoust","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hosseindoust\u00a0A, Choi\u00a0Y, Ha\u00a0S et\u00a0al (2023) Anti-Bordetella bronchiseptica effects of targeted bacteriophages via microbiome and metabolic mediated mechanisms. Sci Rep 13:21755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-49248-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4055_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3354\/dao053033","volume":"53","author":"SC Park","year":"2003","unstructured":"Park\u00a0SC, Nakai\u00a0T (2003) Bacteriophage control of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Dis Aquat Organ 53:33\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/dao053033","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"4055_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67768-2","volume":"14","author":"N Muliya Sankappa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muliya Sankappa\u00a0N, Kallappa\u00a0SG, Kallihosuru Boregowda\u00a0K et\u00a0al (2024) Novel lytic bacteriophage AhFM11 as an effective therapy against hypervirulent Aeromonas hydrophila. Sci Rep 14:16882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-67768-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"4055_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.12.003","volume":"255","author":"MG Vinod","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vinod\u00a0MG, Shivu\u00a0MM, Umesha\u00a0KR (2006) Isolation of Vibrio harveyi bacteriophage with a\u00a0potential for biocontrol of luminous vibriosis in hatchery environments. Aquaculture 255(1\u20134):117\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.12.003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4055_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628309","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628309","volume":"12","author":"VL Donati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donati\u00a0VL, Dalsgaard\u00a0I, Sundell\u00a0K et\u00a0al (2021) Phage-Mediated Control of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in Aquaculture: In vivo Experiments to Compare Delivery Methods. Front Microbiol 12:628309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628309","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4055_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2023.2271098","author":"E Suja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suja\u00a0E, Gummadi\u00a0SN (2023) Advances in the applications of Bacteriophages and phage products against food-contaminating bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1040841X.2023.2271098","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4055_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050734","volume":"13","author":"L Grigore-Gurgu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grigore-Gurgu\u00a0L, Bucur\u00a0FI, Mihalache\u00a0OA, Nicolau\u00a0AI (2024) Comprehensive Review on the Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Products. Foods 13(5):734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13050734","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"6","key":"4055_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70060","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70060","volume":"23","author":"J Dhakal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhakal\u00a0J, Cancio\u00a0LPM, Deliephan\u00a0A, Chaves\u00a0BD, Tubene\u00a0S (2024) Salmonella Presence and Risk Mitigation in Pet Foods: A\u00a0Growing Challenge with Implications for Human Health. Compr Rev Food Sci Saf 23(6):e70060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1541-4337.70060","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Saf"},{"key":"4055_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-024-00918-4","author":"A Necel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Necel\u00a0A, Dydecka\u00a0A, Topka-Bielecka\u00a0G et\u00a0al (2024) What, how, and why?\u2014anti-EHEC phages and their application potential in medicine and food industry. J\u00a0Appl Genetics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13353-024-00918-4","journal-title":"J Appl Genetics"},{"key":"4055_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53365-w","volume":"14","author":"K Bogun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bogun\u00a0K, Peh\u00a0E, Meyer-Kuhling\u00a0B et\u00a0al (2024) Investigating bacteriophages as a\u00a0novel multiple-hurdle measure against Campylobacter: field trials in commercial broiler plants. Sci Rep 14:3182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53365-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4055_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2023.2299768","volume":"44","author":"V Chaudhary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaudhary\u00a0V, Kajla\u00a0P, Lather\u00a0D, Chaudhary\u00a0N et\u00a0al (2023) Bacteriophages: a\u00a0potential game changer in food processing industry. Crit Rev Biotechnol 44:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07388551.2023.2299768","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biotechnol"},{"issue":"16","key":"4055_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13162519","volume":"13","author":"D Shymialevich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shymialevich\u00a0D, W\u00f3jcicki\u00a0M, Soko\u0142owska\u00a0B (2024) The Novel Concept of Synergically Combining: High Hydrostatic Pressure and Lytic Bacteriophages to Eliminate Vegetative and Spore-Forming Bacteria in Food Products. Foods 13(16):2519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods13162519","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"4055_CR27","unstructured":"EMA (2023) Guideline on quality, safety and efficacy of veterinary medicinal products specifically designed for phage therapy (CVMP) CfVMP. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/veterinary-regulatory-overview\/antimicrobial-resistance-veterinary-medicine\/analysis-antimicrobial-consumption-resistance-jiacra-reports#report-on-2019-21-jiacra-iv-65438. Zugegriffen: 2024-12-15"},{"issue":"2","key":"4055_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020245","volume":"12","author":"ST Abedon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abedon\u00a0ST (2023) Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Hindering Phage Therapy: The Phage Tolerance vs. Phage Resistance of Bacterial Biofilms. Antibiot (basel) 12(2):245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020245","journal-title":"Antibiot (basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4055_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2312.12050","volume":"34","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang\u00a0Y, Wang\u00a0X, Liu\u00a0X, Lin\u00a0B (2024) Research Progress on Strategies for Improving the Enzyme Properties of Bacteriophage Endolysins. J\u00a0Microbiol Biotechnol 34(6):1189\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4014\/jmb.2312.12050","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"4055_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01069-z","author":"M Golban","year":"2024","unstructured":"Golban\u00a0M, Charostad\u00a0J, Kazemian\u00a0H et\u00a0al (2024) Phage-Derived Endolysins Against Resistant Staphylococcus spp.: A\u00a0Review of Features, Antibacterial Activities, and Recent Applications. Infect Dis Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-024-01069-z","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"4055_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10394-1","author":"M Behera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Behera\u00a0M, De\u00a0S, Ghorai\u00a0SM (2024) The Synergistic and Chimeric Mechanism of Bacteriophage Endolysins: Opportunities for Application in Biotherapeutics, Food, and Health Sectors. Probiotics Antimicro Prot. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-024-10394-1","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicro Prot"},{"key":"4055_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1428637","author":"A Mayorga-Ramos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayorga-Ramos\u00a0A, Carrera-Pacheco\u00a0SE, Barba-Ostria\u00a0C, Guam\u00e1n\u00a0LP (2024) Bacteriophage-mediated approaches for biofilm control. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1428637","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00103-025-04055-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00103-025-04055-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00103-025-04055-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T14:26:50Z","timestamp":1748874410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00103-025-04055-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-025-04055-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-9990","1437-1588"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1436-9990"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1437-1588"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien"}},{"value":"S.\u00a0Kittler und J.A.\u00a0Hammerl geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}},{"value":"F\u00fcr diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor\/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgef\u00fchrt. F\u00fcr die aufgef\u00fchrten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}}]}}