{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:58:02Z","timestamp":1777874282576,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bundesgesundheitsbl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Impfungen gegen bakterielle Erreger spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Pr\u00e4vention von Infektionen, insbesondere angesichts der wachsenden Antibiotikaresistenz. Historisch markierten Impfstoffe gegen Cholera, Diphtherie und Pertussis (Keuchhusten) erste bedeutende Fortschritte im Kampf gegen bakterielle Krankheiten. Sp\u00e4ter kamen Impfstoffe unter anderem gegen Meningokokken und Tetanus dazu. Bei diesen aktiven Immunisierungen wird das Immunsystem mit Teilen des Erregers konfrontiert, was die Bildung von Antik\u00f6rpern, T\u2011Helferzellen, B\u2011Zellen und Ged\u00e4chtniszellen anregt und dadurch einen langfristigen Schutz entstehen l\u00e4sst. Die gezielte Entwicklung neuer Impfstoffe, auch gegen schwer behandelbare bakterielle Erreger, wird durch eine gro\u00dfe Bandbreite von verschiedenen Impfstoffarten erm\u00f6glicht, darunter inaktivierte, toxoidbasierte und rekombinante Impfstoffe, sowie moderne Ans\u00e4tze, wie die reverse Vakzinologie und messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)-Technologien verbunden mit verst\u00e4rkenden Adjuvanzien. Neben der aktiven Immunisierung spielt die passive Immunisierung eine wichtige Rolle, bei der erregerspezifische Antik\u00f6rper direkt verabreicht werden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Auf Bev\u00f6lkerungsebene zeigen sich durch Impfprogramme deutliche epidemiologische Effekte, da Impfungen nicht nur Einzelpersonen, sondern auch Gemeinschaften sch\u00fctzen und damit zur Volksgesundheit beitragen. Trotz klarer medizinischer und \u00f6konomischer Vorteile von Impfprogrammen muss deren Akzeptanz in der Bev\u00f6lkerung durch objektive Informationspolitik noch deutlich erh\u00f6ht werden. Derzeit befinden sich zahlreiche Impfstoffe in der Entwicklung, die durch innovative Technologien neue Wege er\u00f6ffnen, bakterielle Infektionen wirksam zu verhindern und zu kontrollieren\u00a0\u2013 ein entscheidender Schritt in einer \u00c4ra zunehmender Antibiotikaresistenz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-026-04228-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1775539859000},"page":"597-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Einsatz von Impfstoffen zur Pr\u00e4vention bakterieller Resistenzentwicklung","Use of vaccines to prevent the development of bacterial resistance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Klimka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liza Marie","family":"Maus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4228_CR1","first-page":"226","volume":"10","author":"A Fleming","year":"1929","unstructured":"Fleming\u00a0A (1929) On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 10:226\u2013236","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"4228_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","volume":"387","author":"AH Holmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holmes\u00a0AH, Moore\u00a0LSP, Sundsfjord\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2016) Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Lond Engl 387:176\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"4228_CR3","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J (2016) Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations. https:\/\/amr-review.org\/sites\/default\/files\/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf. Accessed 20.1.2026"},{"key":"4228_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","volume":"404","author":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2024) Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet 404:1199\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4228_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","volume":"112","author":"TP Van Boeckel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Boeckel\u00a0TP, Brower\u00a0C, Gilbert\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2015) Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S\u00a0A 112:5649\u20135654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4228_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02137-x","volume":"85","author":"D Heimann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heimann\u00a0D, Kohnh\u00e4user\u00a0D, Kohnh\u00e4user\u00a0AJ, Br\u00f6nstrup\u00a0M (2025) Antibacterials with Novel Chemical Scaffolds in Clinical Development. Drugs 85:293\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-024-02137-x","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"4228_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.08.026","volume":"23","author":"OJ Dyar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dyar\u00a0OJ, Huttner\u00a0B, Schouten\u00a0J, Pulcini\u00a0C, ESGAP (ESCMID Study Group for Antimicrobial stewardshiP) (2017) What is antimicrobial stewardship? Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23:793\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.08.026","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"4228_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12896","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721095115","volume":"115","author":"KP Klugman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klugman\u00a0KP, Black\u00a0S (2018) Impact of existing vaccines in reducing antibiotic resistance: Primary and secondary effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S\u00a0A 115:12896\u201312901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1721095115","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4228_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00428-16","volume":"7","author":"M Lipsitch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lipsitch\u00a0M, Siber\u00a0GR (2016) How Can Vaccines Contribute to Solving the Antimicrobial Resistance Problem? mBio 7:e00428-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00428-16","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"4228_CR10","unstructured":"Jenner E (1959) An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae: a\u00a0disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the cow pox. London, 1798. Class Med Surg Ed Camac CNB:213\u201340"},{"key":"4228_CR11","unstructured":"Pasteur L, Chamberland CE, Roux E (1881) Sur la vaccination charbonneuse. CR Acad SciParis:1378\u20131383"},{"key":"4228_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1209","volume":"11","author":"SA Plotkin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Plotkin\u00a0SA (2005) Vaccines: past, present and future. Nat Med 11:S5\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1209","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4228_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.302","volume":"13","author":"H Peltola","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peltola\u00a0H (2000) Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type\u00a0b disease at the beginning of the 21st\u00a0century: global analysis of the disease burden 25\u00a0years after the use of the polysaccharide vaccine and a\u00a0decade after the advent of conjugates. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:302\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.13.2.302","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4228_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00232-0","volume":"5","author":"JT Poolman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poolman\u00a0JT (2020) Expanding the role of bacterial vaccines into life-course vaccination strategies and prevention of antimicrobial-resistant infections. NPJ Vaccines 5:84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-020-00232-0","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"4228_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050751","volume":"10","author":"A Osterloh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osterloh\u00a0A (2022) Vaccination against Bacterial Infections: Challenges, Progress, and New Approaches with a\u00a0Focus on Intracellular Bacteria. Vaccines 10:751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10050751","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"4228_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.03.002","volume":"89","author":"N Ritz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ritz\u00a0N, Curtis\u00a0N (2009) Mapping the global use of different BCG vaccine strains. Tuberc Edinb Scotl 89:248\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tube.2009.03.002","journal-title":"Tuberc Edinb Scotl"},{"key":"4228_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2025.100654","volume":"24","author":"MZ Ul Haq","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ul Haq\u00a0MZ, Irfan\u00a0H, Shah\u00a0MSU et\u00a0al (2025) Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (V114) compared to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) in healthy infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine\u00a0X 24:100654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvacx.2025.100654","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"4228_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071264","volume":"11","author":"K Khalid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khalid\u00a0K, Poh\u00a0CL (2023) The Promising Potential of Reverse Vaccinology-Based Next-Generation Vaccine Development over Conventional Vaccines against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Vaccines 11:1264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11071264","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"4228_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2357924","volume":"20","author":"V Abitbol","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abitbol\u00a0V, Martin\u00f3n-Torres\u00a0F, Taha\u00a0MK et\u00a0al (2024) 4CMenB journey to the 10-year anniversary and beyond. Hum Vaccines Immunother 20:2357924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2024.2357924","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"4228_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00268-2","volume":"6","author":"A Klimka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klimka\u00a0A, Mertins\u00a0S, Nicolai\u00a0AK et\u00a0al (2021) Epitope-specific immunity against Staphylococcus aureus coproporphyrinogen III oxidase. NPJ Vaccines 6:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-020-00268-2","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"4228_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151960","volume":"213","author":"R Rappuoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rappuoli\u00a0R, Bottomley\u00a0MJ, D\u2019Oro\u00a0U, Finco\u00a0O, De Gregorio\u00a0E (2016) Reverse vaccinology 2.0: Human immunology instructs vaccine antigen design. J\u00a0Exp Med 213:469\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20151960","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"4228_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2018.06.002","volume":"51","author":"F Sesterhenn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sesterhenn\u00a0F, Bonet\u00a0J, Correia\u00a0BE (2018) Structure-based immunogen design \u2014 leading the way to the new age of precision vaccines. Curr Opin Struct Biol 51:163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbi.2018.06.002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Struct Biol"},{"key":"4228_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830497","volume":"13","author":"W Gong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong\u00a0W, Pan\u00a0C, Cheng\u00a0P, Wang\u00a0J, Zhao\u00a0G, Wu\u00a0X (2022) Peptide-Based Vaccines for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 13:830497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830497","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4228_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08634-4","volume":"25","author":"V Meier-Stephenson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meier-Stephenson\u00a0V, Hawkes\u00a0MT, Burton\u00a0C et\u00a0al (2024) A phase 1 randomized controlled trial of a peptide-based group A streptococcal vaccine in healthy volunteers. Trials 25:781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08634-4","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"4228_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101349","volume":"29","author":"KKS Lloren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lloren\u00a0KKS, Senevirathne\u00a0A, Lee\u00a0JH (2024) Advancing vaccine technology through the manipulation of pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Mater Today Bio 29:101349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101349","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"4228_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083858","volume":"22","author":"F Behrens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Behrens\u00a0F, Funk-Hilsdorf\u00a0TC, Kuebler\u00a0WM, Simmons\u00a0S (2021) Bacterial Membrane Vesicles in Pneumonia: From Mediators of Virulence to Innovative Vaccine Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 22:3858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22083858","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4228_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0110-z","volume":"4","author":"E Kay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kay\u00a0E, Cuccui\u00a0J, Wren\u00a0BW (2019) Recent advances in the production of recombinant glycoconjugate vaccines. Npj Vaccines 4:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-019-0110-z","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"},{"key":"4228_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.040","volume":"35","author":"G Maruggi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maruggi\u00a0G, Chiarot\u00a0E, Giovani\u00a0C et\u00a0al (2017) Immunogenicity and protective efficacy induced by self-amplifying mRNA vaccines encoding bacterial antigens. Vaccine 35:361\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.040","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4228_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.037","volume":"187","author":"H Chi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chi\u00a0H, Pepper\u00a0M, Thomas\u00a0PG (2024) Principles and therapeutic applications of adaptive immunity. Cell 187:2052\u20132078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.037","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4228_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01150-9","volume":"25","author":"SA McConnell","year":"2025","unstructured":"McConnell\u00a0SA, Casadevall\u00a0A (2025) New insights into antibody structure with implications for specificity, variable region restriction and isotype choice. Nat Rev Immunol 25:621\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-025-01150-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"4228_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.967679","volume":"12","author":"L Tian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tian\u00a0L, Zhou\u00a0W, Wu\u00a0X et\u00a0al (2022) CTLs: Killers of intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:967679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.967679","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4228_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121490","volume":"9","author":"M Ghattas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghattas\u00a0M, Dwivedi\u00a0G, Lavertu\u00a0M, Alameh\u00a0MG (2021) Vaccine Technologies and Platforms for Infectious Diseases: Current Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Vaccines 9:1490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9121490","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"4228_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2024.2382725","volume":"23","author":"F Roman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roman\u00a0F, Burny\u00a0W, Ceregido\u00a0MA et\u00a0al (2024) Adjuvant system AS01: from mode of action to effective vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 23:715\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2024.2382725","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"4228_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10663","volume":"9","author":"M Goetz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goetz\u00a0M, Thotathil\u00a0N, Zhao\u00a0Z, Mitragotri\u00a0S (2024) Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 9:e10663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/btm2.10663","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"4228_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.02.030","volume":"130","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen\u00a0Y, Lu\u00a0S, Zhang\u00a0Y et\u00a0al (2019) TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 enhances the antibacterial functions of GM-CSF induced neutrophils to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 130:204\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.02.030","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"4228_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-00997","volume":"178","author":"NW Andersson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andersson\u00a0NW, Bech Svalgaard\u00a0I, Hoffmann\u00a0SS, Hviid\u00a0A (2025) Aluminum-Adsorbed Vaccines and Chronic Diseases in Childhood : A\u00a0Nationwide Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 178:1369\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/ANNALS-25-00997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4228_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.07.014","volume":"27","author":"A DiGiandomenico","year":"2015","unstructured":"DiGiandomenico\u00a0A, Sellman\u00a0BR (2015) Antibacterial monoclonal antibodies: the next generation? Curr Opin Microbiol 27:78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2015.07.014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"4228_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01659.x","volume":"11","author":"L Kabura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kabura\u00a0L, Ilibagiza\u00a0D, Menten\u00a0J, Van den Ende\u00a0J (2006) Intrathecal vs. intramuscular administration of human antitetanus immunoglobulin or equine tetanus antitoxin in the treatment of tetanus: a\u00a0meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health TM IH 11:1075\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01659.x","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health TM IH"},{"key":"4228_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14010019","volume":"14","author":"GS Parrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parrera\u00a0GS, Astacio\u00a0H, Tunga\u00a0P, Anderson\u00a0DM, Hall\u00a0CL, Richardson\u00a0JS (2021) Use of Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A, B, C, D, E, F, G)-(Equine) (BAT\u00ae) in Clinical Study Subjects and Patients: A 15-Year Systematic Safety Review. Toxins 14:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14010019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"4228_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602615","volume":"376","author":"MH Wilcox","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilcox\u00a0MH, Gerding\u00a0DN, Poxton\u00a0IR et\u00a0al (2017) Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. N\u00a0Engl J Med 376:305\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1602615","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4228_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122920","volume":"12","author":"M Prygiel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prygiel\u00a0M, Mosiej\u00a0E, Wdowiak\u00a0K, Zasada\u00a0AA (2024) Passive Immunisation in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases Related to Highly Potent Bacterial Toxins. Biomedicines 12:2920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12122920","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4228_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619249114","volume":"114","author":"A Raz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raz\u00a0A, Serrano\u00a0A, Lawson\u00a0C et\u00a0al (2017) Lysibodies are IgG Fc fusions with lysin binding domains targeting Staphylococcus aureus wall carbohydrates for effective phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S\u00a0A 114:4781\u20134786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1619249114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4228_CR43","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) Estimating the impact of vaccines in reducing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/b3bfc77f-c8fb-4076-a0e8-3b50780925ee\/content. Accessed 23.1.2026"},{"key":"4228_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02987-4","volume":"53","author":"S Nestler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nestler\u00a0S, Gr\u00fcne\u00a0B, Schilchegger\u00a0L, Suna\u00a0A, Perez\u00a0A, Neisius\u00a0A (2021) Efficacy of vaccination with StroVac for recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a comparative single-centre study. Int Urol Nephrol 53:2267\u20132272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-021-02987-4","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"4228_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir007","volume":"52","author":"P Fine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fine\u00a0P, Eames\u00a0K, Heymann\u00a0DL (2011) \u201eHerd immunity\u201c: a\u00a0rough guide. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 52:911\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cir007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"4228_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4824-3","volume":"20","author":"S Vygen-Bonnet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vygen-Bonnet\u00a0S, Hellenbrand\u00a0W, Garbe\u00a0E et\u00a0al (2020) Safety and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 20:136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4824-3","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"4228_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810840115","volume":"115","author":"C Tedijanto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tedijanto\u00a0C, Olesen\u00a0SW, Grad\u00a0YH, Lipsitch\u00a0M (2018) Estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S\u00a0A 115:E11988\u2013E11995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1810840115","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4228_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.04.003","volume":"22","author":"S Becattini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Becattini\u00a0S, Taur\u00a0Y, Pamer\u00a0EG (2016) Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Intestinal Microbiota and Disease. Trends Mol Med 22:458\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.04.003","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"4228_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01274-z","volume":"19","author":"KU Jansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jansen\u00a0KU, Gruber\u00a0WC, Simon\u00a0R, Wassil\u00a0J, Anderson\u00a0AS (2021) The impact of human vaccines on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. A review. Environ Chem Lett 19:4031\u20134062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10311-021-01274-z","journal-title":"Environ Chem Lett"},{"key":"4228_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.09.013","volume":"308","author":"O Goldmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goldmann\u00a0O, Medina\u00a0E (2018) Staphylococcus aureus strategies to evade the host acquired immune response. Int J Med Microbiol IJMM 308:625\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.09.013","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol IJMM"},{"key":"4228_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12911","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717161115","volume":"115","author":"JP Sevilla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sevilla\u00a0JP, Bloom\u00a0DE, Cadarette\u00a0D, Jit\u00a0M, Lipsitch\u00a0M (2018) Toward economic evaluation of the value of vaccines and other health technologies in addressing AMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S\u00a0A 115:12911\u201312919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1717161115","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4228_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2023.100320","volume":"14","author":"H Akegbe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akegbe\u00a0H, Onyeaka\u00a0H, et MM\u00a0et\u00a0al (2023) The need for Africa to develop capacity for vaccinology as a means of curbing antimicrobial resistance. Vaccine\u00a0X 14:100320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvacx.2023.100320","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"4228_CR53","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/1a41ef7e-dd24-4ce6-a9a6-1573562e7f37\/content. Accessed 13.1.2026"},{"key":"4228_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.081","volume":"32","author":"HJ Larson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Larson\u00a0HJ, Jarrett\u00a0C, Eckersberger\u00a0E, Smith\u00a0DMD, Paterson\u00a0P (2014) Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a\u00a0global perspective: a\u00a0systematic review of published literature, 2007\u20132012. Vaccine 32:2150\u20132159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.081","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4228_CR55","unstructured":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (2024) Bulletin zur Arzneimittelsicherheit, Ausgabe 3. https:\/\/www.pei.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/newsroom\/bulletin-arzneimittelsicherheit\/2024\/3-2024.html. Accessed 30.9.2025"},{"key":"4228_CR56","unstructured":"Spooner F, Dattani S, Vanderslott S, Roser M (2022) Vaccination. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/vaccination. Accessed 2.10.2025"},{"key":"4228_CR57","unstructured":"Verband Forschender Arzneimittelhersteller e.\u202fV. Antibiotika: Bestandsaufnahme zu Pr\u00e4paraten und Unternehmen. https:\/\/www.vfa.de\/de\/forschung-entwicklung\/antibiotika\/neue-antibiotika. Zugegriffen: 13.\u00a0Januar 2026"},{"key":"4228_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9164-4_17","volume-title":"Fundam. Pharm. Nanosci","author":"Y Perrie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perrie\u00a0Y, Kaur\u00a0R, Henriksen-Lacey\u00a0M (2013) Vaccines. In: Uchegbu\u00a0IF, Sch\u00e4tzlein\u00a0AG, Cheng\u00a0WP, Lalatsa\u00a0A (eds) Fundam. Pharm. Nanosci. Springer New York, New York, NY, pp\u00a0465\u2013491"},{"key":"4228_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-017-08323-0","volume":"552","author":"R Rappuoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rappuoli\u00a0R, Bloom\u00a0DE, Black\u00a0S (2017) Deploy vaccines to fight superbugs. Nature 552:165\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-017-08323-0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4228_CR60","unstructured":"Wellcome Trust, International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (2016) Vaccines to tackle drug-resistant infections: An evaluation of R opportunities. https:\/\/vaccinesforamr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Vaccines_for_AMR.pdf. Accessed 30.9.2025"},{"key":"4228_CR61","unstructured":"Rote Liste\u00ae Service GmbH Bakterielle Impfstoffe - Hauptgruppenverzeichnis. https:\/\/www.rote-liste.de\/hauptgruppenverzeichnis\/75.3.1.\/Bakterielle-Impfstoffe. Zugegriffen: 15.\u00a0Januar 2026"}],"container-title":["Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00103-026-04228-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00103-026-04228-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00103-026-04228-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:29:59Z","timestamp":1777577399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00103-026-04228-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-026-04228-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-9990","1437-1588"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-9990","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1588","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien"}},{"value":"A.\u00a0Klimka und L.M.\u00a0Maus geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}},{"value":"F\u00fcr diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor\/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgef\u00fchrt. F\u00fcr die aufgef\u00fchrten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}}]}}