{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:02:53Z","timestamp":1793037773191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"DFG","award":["397484323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["397484323"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["397484323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["397484323"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["397484323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["397484323"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["SFBTR57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFBTR57"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["SFB1192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1192"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["GRK2168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK2168"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["EXC2151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2151"]}]},{"name":"DGK","award":["16\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016021","name":"Corona Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["S199\/10078\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S199\/10078\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Mol Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both conditions are rising in incidence as well as prevalence, creating poor outcomes for patients and high healthcare costs. Recent data suggests CKD to be an independent risk factor for CVD. Accumulation of uremic toxins, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress have been identified to act as CKD-specific alterations that increase cardiovascular risk. The association between CKD and cardiovascular mortality is markedly influenced through vascular alterations, in particular atherosclerosis and vascular calcification (VC). While numerous risk factors promote atherosclerosis by inducing endothelial dysfunction and its progress to vascular structural damage, CKD affects the medial layer of blood vessels primarily through VC. Ongoing research has identified VC to be a multifactorial, cell-mediated process in which numerous abnormalities like mineral dysregulation and especially hyperphosphatemia induce a phenotype switch of vascular smooth muscle cells to osteoblast-like cells. A combination of pro-calcifying stimuli and an impairment of inhibiting mechanisms like fetuin A and vitamin K-dependent proteins like matrix Gla protein and Gla-rich protein leads to mineralization of the extracellular matrix. In view of recent studies, intercellular communication pathways via extracellular vesicles and microRNAs represent key mechanisms in VC and thereby a promising field to a deeper understanding of the involved pathomechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview about pathophysiological mechanisms connecting CKD and CVD. Special emphasis is laid on vascular alterations and more recently discovered molecular pathways which present possible new therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T09:19:29Z","timestamp":1611307169000},"page":"335-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["Vascular pathologies in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiological mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"D\u00fcsing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Zietzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip Roger","family":"Goody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Rabiul","family":"Hosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kurts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Nickenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6962-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2037_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KDIGO Board Members (2013) KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Managment of Chronic Kidney Disease, Summary of Recommendation Statements. Kidney Int Suppl 3:5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/kisup.2012.77","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.77"},{"key":"2037_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070714","volume":"26","author":"S Thompson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thompson S, James M, Wiebe N et al (2015) Cause of death in patients with reduced kidney function. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:2504\u20132511","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60674-5","volume":"375","author":"K Matsushita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matsushita K, van der Welde M, Astor BC et al (2010) Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 375:2073\u20132081","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2037_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040270","volume":"4","author":"E Di Angelantonio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Di Angelantonio E, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V (2007) Renal function and risk of coronary heart disease in general populations: new prospective study and systematic review. PLoS Med 4:e270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040270","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2037_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","volume":"389","author":"AC Webster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P (2017) Chronic kidney disease. Lancet 389:1238\u20131252","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2037_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050207","volume":"5","author":"V Perkovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Verdon C, Ninomiya T, Barzi F, Cass A, Patel A, Jardine M, Gallagher M, Turnbull F, Chalmers J, Craig J, Huxley R (2008) The relationship between proteinuria and coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 5:e207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050207","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2037_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60572-8","volume":"380","author":"M Tonelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tonelli M, Muntner P, Lloyd A et al (2012) Risk of coronary events in people with chronic kidney disease compared with those with diabetes: a population-level cohort study. Lancet 380:807\u2013814","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2037_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000095676.90936.80","volume":"108","author":"MJ Sarnak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, McCullough P, Kasiske BL, Kelepouris E, Klag MJ, Parfrey P, Pfeffer M, Raij L, Spinosa DJ, Wilson PW, American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention (2003) Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 108:2154\u20132169","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2037_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.01.016","volume":"59","author":"EH Bae","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bae EH, Lim SY, Cho KH et al (2012) GFR and cardiovascular outcomes after acute myocardial infarction: results from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. Am J Kidney Dis 59:795\u2013802","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.06.034","volume":"55","author":"T Nakano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakano T, Ninomiya T, Sumiyoshi S, Fujii H, Doi Y, Hirakata H, Tsuruya K, Iida M, Kiyohara Y, Sueishi K (2010) Association of kidney function with coronary atherosclerosis and calcification in autopsy samples from Japanese elders: the Hisayama Study. Am J Kidney Dis 55:21\u201330","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.191","volume":"7","author":"MK Shamseddin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shamseddin MK, Parfrey PS (2011) Sudden cardiac death in chronic kidney disease: epidemiology and prevention. Nat Rev Nephrol 7:145\u2013154","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422003","volume":"342","author":"WG Goodman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD et al (2000) Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 342:1478\u20131483","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"London GM, Gu\u00e9rin AP, Marchais SJ et al (2003) Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:1731\u20131740","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg414"},{"key":"2037_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00823.x","volume":"12","author":"ND Toussaint","year":"2007","unstructured":"Toussaint ND, Kerr PG (2007) Vascular calcification and arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease: implications and management. Nephrology 12:500\u2013509","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"2037_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9675-5","volume":"20","author":"J Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim J, Bravo PE, Gholamrezanezhad A et al (2013) Coronary artery and thoracic aorta calcification is inversely related to coronary flow reserve as measured by 82Rb PET\/CT in intermediate risk patients. J Nucl Cardiol 20:375\u2013384","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"2037_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.61","volume":"13","author":"P Raggi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raggi P (2017) Coronary artery calcification predicts risk of CVD in patients with CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol 13:324\u2013326","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c40","DOI":"10.1159\/000071280","volume":"94","author":"V Perkovic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Hunt D, Griffin SV et al (2004) Accelerated progression of calcific aortic stenosis in dialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract 94:c40\u2013c45","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"2037_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft310","volume":"28","author":"M Rattazzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rattazzi M, Bertacco E, Del Vecchio A et al (2013) Aortic valve calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:2968\u20132976","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2037_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009980","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009980","volume":"8","author":"KK Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel KK, Shah SY, Arrigain S, Jolly S, Schold JD, Navaneethan SD, Griffin BP, Nally JV, Desai MY (2019) Characteristics and outcomes of patients with aortic stenosis and chronic kidney disease. J Am Heart Assoc 8:e009980","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2037_CR20","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Contributions to nephrology","author":"JA Tumlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tumlin JA, Costanzo MR, Chawla LS et al (2013) Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: insights on clinical presentation and pathophysiology from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). In: McCullough PA, Kellum JA, Mehta RL et al (eds) Contributions to nephrology. S. KARGER AG, Basel, pp 158\u2013173"},{"key":"2037_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000020222.63035.C0","volume":"106","author":"J Oh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M, Bahner M, Raggi P, Querfeld U, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2002) Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 106:100\u2013105","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2037_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, Blair JEA et al (2019) Cardiorenal syndrome: classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000664","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000664"},{"key":"2037_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp507","volume":"31","author":"C Ronco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, Anand I, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Berl T, Bobek I, Cruz DN, Daliento L, Davenport A, Haapio M, Hillege H, House AA, Katz N, Maisel A, Mankad S, Zanco P, Mebazaa A, Palazzuoli A, Ronco F, Shaw A, Sheinfeld G, Soni S, Vescovo G, Zamperetti N, Ponikowski P, for the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) consensus group (2010) Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative. Eur Heart J 31:703\u2013711","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2037_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.279","volume":"9","author":"P Hatamizadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hatamizadeh P, Fonarow GC, Budoff MJ et al (2012) Cardiorenal syndrome: pathophysiology and potential targets for clinical management. Nat Rev Nephrol 9:99","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00273.x","volume":"55","author":"J Zimmermann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, Metzger T, Wanner C (1999) Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 55:648\u2013658","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678342","volume":"116","author":"EL Schiffrin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schiffrin EL, Lipman ML, Mann JFE (2007) Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation 116:85\u201397","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2037_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234914","volume":"109","author":"CM Shanahan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, Giachelli CM (2011) Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circ Res 109:697\u2013711","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2037_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704033361401","volume":"336","author":"PM Ridker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH (1997) Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 336:973\u2013979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9669431","volume":"32","author":"R Bologa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bologa R, Levine D, Parker T, Cheigh JS, Serur D, Stenzel KH, Rubin AL (1998) Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 32:107\u2013114","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.52","volume":"13","author":"C Zoccali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zoccali C, Vanholder R, Massy ZA et al (2017) The systemic nature of CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol 13:344\u2013358","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00460.x","volume":"62","author":"S Pastan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pastan S, Soucie JM, McClellan WM (2002) Vascular access and increased risk of death among hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:620\u2013626","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.78","volume":"49","author":"TF Parker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Parker TF, Wingard RL, Husni L et al (1996) Effect of the membrane biocompatibility on nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 49:551\u2013556","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00422.x","volume":"55","author":"P Stenvinkel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stenvinkel P, Heimb\u00fcrger O, Paultre F, Diczfalusy U, Wang T, Berglund L, Jogestrand T (1999) Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 55:1899\u20131911","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F662","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00421.2009","volume":"298","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Vaziri ND (2010) Contribution of impaired Nrf2-Keap1 pathway to oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic renal failure. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 298:F662\u2013F671","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00702.x","volume":"63","author":"ND Vaziri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vaziri ND, Dicus M, Ho ND, Boroujerdi-Rad L, Sindhu RK (2003) Oxidative stress and dysregulation of superoxide dismutase and NADPH oxidase in renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 63:179\u2013185","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000086411","volume":"25","author":"RD Manning Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Manning RD Jr, Tian N, Meng S (2005) Oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment in hypertension and the associated renal damage. Am J Nephrol 25:311\u2013317","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2008.11.007","volume":"153","author":"H Moradi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moradi H, Pahl MV, Elahimehr R, Vaziri ND (2009) Impaired antioxidant activity of high-density lipoprotein in chronic kidney disease. Transl Res 153:77\u201385","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"2037_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","volume":"53","author":"Q Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma Q (2013) Role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 53:401\u2013426","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2037_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","volume":"373","author":"B Zinman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM et al (2015) Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 373:2117\u20132128","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","volume":"381","author":"JJV McMurray","year":"2019","unstructured":"McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE et al (2019) Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 381:1995\u20132008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Pitt B et al (2020) Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med NEJMoa2030186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2030186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030186"},{"key":"2037_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM et al (2016) Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 375:1799\u20131802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1611290","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1611290"},{"key":"2037_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","volume":"383","author":"HJL Heerspink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Stef\u00e1nsson BV, Correa-Rotter R et al (2020) Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 383:1436\u20131446","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030012","volume":"136","author":"Y Lytvyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lytvyn Y, Bjornstad P, Udell JA et al (2017) Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition in heart failure: potential mechanisms, clinical applications, and summary of clinical trials. Circulation 136:1643\u20131658","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2037_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0816-2","volume":"18","author":"C Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li C, Zhang J, Xue M et al (2019) SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin attenuates myocardial oxidative stress and fibrosis in diabetic mice heart. Cardiovasc Diabetol 18:15","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2037_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184357","volume":"20","author":"Y-Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Y-Y, Wu T-T, Ho C-Y et al (2019) Dapagliflozin prevents NOX- and SGLT2-dependent oxidative stress in Lens cells exposed to fructose-induced diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 20:4357","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2037_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.03.490","volume":"71","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Glynn RJ et al (2018) Inhibition of interleukin-1\u03b2 by canakinumab and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 71:2405\u20132414","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2037_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.503","volume":"77","author":"DV Barreto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barreto DV, Barreto FC, Liabeuf S, Temmar M, Lemke HD, Tribouilloy C, Choukroun G, Vanholder R, Massy ZA, European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox) (2010) Plasma interleukin-6 is independently associated with mortality in both hemodialysis and pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 77:550\u2013556","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00812.x","volume":"53","author":"AR Qureshi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Danielsson A et al (1998) Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. Kidney Int 53:773\u2013782","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.7.953","volume":"15","author":"P Stenvinkel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stenvinkel P, Heimb\u00fcrger O, Lindholm B et al (2000) Are there two types of malnutrition in chronic renal failure? Evidence for relationships between malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis (MIA syndrome). Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:953\u2013960","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2037_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90495-9","volume":"30","author":"A Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen A, Lai-Fa S, Wei-Yuan C et al (1997) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist modulates the progression of a spontaneously occurring IgA nephropathy in mice. Am J Kidney Dis 30:693\u2013702","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.271","volume":"87","author":"K Shahzad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shahzad K, Bock F, Dong W et al (2015) Nlrp3-inflammasome activation in non-myeloid-derived cells aggravates diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 87:74\u201384","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","volume":"377","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, Fonseca F, Nicolau J, Koenig W, Anker SD, Kastelein JJP, Cornel JH, Pais P, Pella D, Genest J, Cifkova R, Lorenzatti A, Forster T, Kobalava Z, Vida-Simiti L, Flather M, Shimokawa H, Ogawa H, Dellborg M, Rossi PRF, Troquay RPT, Libby P, Glynn RJ (2017) Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med 377:1119\u20131131","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","volume":"381","author":"J-C Tardif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tardif J-C, Kouz S, Waters DD et al (2019) Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 381:2497\u20132505","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.01.055","volume":"70","author":"AB Vargas-Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vargas-Santos AB, Neogi T (2017) Management of gout and hyperuricemia in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 70:422\u2013439","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.903660","volume":"23","author":"M-J Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang M-J, Wei R, Zhao J et al (2017) Albuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Med Sci Monit 23:4447\u20134453","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2037_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.8.971","volume":"40","author":"CDA Stehouwer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stehouwer CDA, Stroes ESG, Hackeng WHL, Mulder PGH, den Ottolander GJH (1991) Von Willebrand factor and development of diabetic nephropathy in IDDM. Diabetes 40:971\u2013976","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2037_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91401-S","volume":"340","author":"CA Stehouwer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stehouwer CA, Zeldenrust GC, den Ottolander GH et al (1992) Urinary albumin excretion, cardiovascular disease, and endothelial dysfunction in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 340:319\u2013323","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2037_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0303-x","volume":"17","author":"SL Seliger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seliger SL, Salimi S, Pierre V, Giffuni J, Katzel L, Parsa A (2016) Microvascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with albuminuria and CKD in older adults. BMC Nephrol 17:82","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.9265","volume":"84","author":"LJ Ignarro","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Chaudhuri G (1987) Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci 84:9265\u20139269","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2037_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/267257","volume":"2011","author":"CR Martens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martens CR, Edwards DG (2011) Peripheral vascular dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Cardiol Res Pract 2011:1\u20139","journal-title":"Cardiol Res Pract"},{"key":"2037_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00281.x","volume":"58","author":"RJ Schmidt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schmidt RJ, Baylis C (2000) Total nitric oxide production is low in patients with chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 58:1261\u20131266","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F794","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1999.276.5.F794","volume":"276","author":"RJ Schmidt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schmidt RJ, Yokota S, Tracy TS et al (1999) Nitric oxide production is low in end-stage renal disease patients on peritoneal dialysis. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 276:F794\u2013F797","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F275","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00020.2019","volume":"317","author":"I Amador-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amador-Mart\u00ednez I, P\u00e9rez-Villalva R, Uribe N et al (2019) Reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation contributes to cardiovascular injury during chronic kidney disease progression. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 317:F275\u2013F285","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.29","volume":"21","author":"H Fujii","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fujii H, Takiuchi S, Kawano Y, Fukagawa M (2008) Putative role of asymmetric dimethylarginine in microvascular disease of kidney and heart in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 21:650\u2013656","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2037_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.254","volume":"220","author":"F Mangiacapra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mangiacapra F, Conte M, Demartini C, Muller O, Delrue L, Dierickx K, di Sciascio G, Trimarco B, de Bruyne B, Wijns W, Bartunek J, Barbato E (2016) Relationship of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) with extent and functional severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 220:629\u2013633","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2037_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1159\/000191468","volume":"29","author":"Z Tumur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tumur Z, Niwa T (2009) Indoxyl sulfate inhibits nitric oxide production and cell viability by inducing oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Nephrol 29:551\u2013557","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00399.x","volume":"65","author":"L Dou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dou L, Bertrand E, Cerini C, Faure V, Sampol J, Vanholder R, Berland Y, Brunet P (2004) The uremic solutes p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate inhibit endothelial proliferation and wound repair. Kidney Int 65:442\u2013451","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu111","volume":"35","author":"T Speer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Speer T, Owala FO, Holy EW, Zewinger S, Frenzel FL, St\u00e4hli BE, Razavi M, Triem S, Cvija H, Rohrer L, Seiler S, Heine GH, Jankowski V, Jankowski J, Camici GG, Akhmedov A, Fliser D, L\u00fcscher TF, Tanner FC (2014) Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein induces endothelial dysfunction. Eur Heart J 35:3021\u20133032","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2037_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.300","volume":"83","author":"GS Di Marco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Di Marco GS, K\u00f6nig M, Stock C et al (2013) High phosphate directly affects endothelial function by downregulating annexin II. Kidney Int 83:213\u2013222","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008101106","volume":"20","author":"E Shuto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shuto E, Taketani Y, Tanaka R, Harada N, Isshiki M, Sato M, Nashiki K, Amo K, Yamamoto H, Higashi Y, Nakaya Y, Takeda E (2009) Dietary phosphorus acutely impairs endothelial function. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:1504\u20131512","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.08.004","volume":"2","author":"F Jansen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jansen F, Li Q, Pfeifer A, Werner N (2017) Endothelial- and immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the regulation of cardiovascular health and disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2:790\u2013807","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"2037_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.91","volume":"7","author":"M Ketteler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ketteler M, Rothe H, Kr\u00fcger T et al (2011) Mechanisms and treatment of extraosseous calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 7:509\u2013516","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12084","volume":"17","author":"KL Jablonski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jablonski KL, Chonchol M (2013) Vascular calcification in end-stage renal disease: vascular calcification in ESRD. Hemodial Int 17:S17\u2013S21","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"2037_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.024","volume":"91","author":"M Vervloet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vervloet M, Cozzolino M (2017) Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: different bricks in the wall? Kidney Int 91:808\u2013817","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310060","volume":"120","author":"JD Hutcheson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hutcheson JD, Blaser MC, Aikawa E (2017) Giving calcification its due: recognition of a diverse disease: a first attempt to standardize the field. Circ Res 120:270\u2013273","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2037_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.2.218","volume":"15","author":"U Schwarz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schwarz U, Buzello M, Ritz E et al (2000) Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:218\u2013223","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2037_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01760506","volume":"2","author":"M-L Gross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gross M-L, Meyer H-P, Ziebart H et al (2007) Calcification of coronary intima and media: immunohistochemistry, backscatter imaging, and X-ray analysis in renal and nonrenal patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:121\u2013134","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.7.e10","volume":"87","author":"S Jono","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jono S, McKee MD, Murry CE et al (2000) Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res 87:E10\u2013E17","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2037_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26121","volume":"233","author":"M Fakhry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fakhry M, Skafi N, Fayyad-Kazan M, Kobeissy F, Hamade E, Mebarek S, Habib A, Borghol N, Zeidan A, Magne D, Fayyad-Kazan H, Badran B (2018) Characterization and assessment of potential microRNAs involved in phosphate-induced aortic calcification. J Cell Physiol 233:4056\u20134067","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy010","volume":"114","author":"AL Durham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durham AL, Speer MY, Scatena M, Giachelli CM, Shanahan CM (2018) Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Cardiovasc Res 114:590\u2013600","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2037_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz919","volume":"41","author":"SD Stojanovi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stojanovi\u0107 SD, Fiedler J, Bauersachs J, Thum T, Sedding DG (2020) Senescence-induced inflammation: an important player and key therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 41:2983\u20132996","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2037_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii31","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa006","volume":"35","author":"L Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai L, Schurgers LJ, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P (2020) Early vascular ageing in chronic kidney disease: impact of inflammation, vitamin K, senescence and genomic damage. Nephrol Dial Transplant 35:ii31\u2013ii37","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2037_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.04.007","volume":"87","author":"L Cui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cui L, Houston DA, Farquharson C, MacRae VE (2016) Characterisation of matrix vesicles in skeletal and soft tissue mineralisation. Bone 87:147\u2013158","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2037_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272112","volume":"594","author":"E Aikawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aikawa E (2016) Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease: focus on vascular calcification: editorial. J Physiol 594:2877\u20132880","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305012","volume":"116","author":"AN Kapustin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kapustin AN, Chatrou MLL, Drozdov I, Zheng Y, Davidson SM, Soong D, Furmanik M, Sanchis P, de Rosales RTM, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Shroff R, Yin X, Muller K, Skepper JN, Mayr M, Reutelingsperger CP, Chester A, Bertazzo S, Schurgers LJ, Shanahan CM (2015) Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification is mediated by regulated exosome secretion. Circ Res 116:1312\u20131323","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2037_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000414","volume":"69","author":"S Moe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moe S, Dr\u00fceke T, Cunningham J et al (2006) Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 69:1945\u20131953","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2420","volume":"30","author":"CR Sheen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sheen CR, Kuss P, Narisawa S, Yadav MC, Nigro J, Wang W, Chhea TN, Sergienko EA, Kapoor K, Jackson MR, Hoylaerts MF, Pinkerton AB, O'Neill WC, Mill\u00e1n JL (2015) Pathophysiological role of vascular smooth muscle alkaline phosphatase in medial artery calcification: role of TNAP in medial vascular calcification. J Bone Miner Res 30:824\u2013836","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2037_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Savinov AY, Salehi M, Yadav MC et al (2015) Transgenic overexpression of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in vascular endothelium results in generalized arterial calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.115.002499","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002499"},{"key":"2037_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.05.028","volume":"48","author":"LA Rocha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rocha LA, Higa A, Barreto FC et al (2006) Variant of adynamic bone disease in hemodialysis patients: fact or fiction? Am J Kidney Dis 48:430\u2013436","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000129337.50739.48","volume":"15","author":"GM London","year":"2004","unstructured":"London GM (2004) Arterial calcifications and bone histomorphometry in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1943\u20131951","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090735","volume":"25","author":"C Tomiyama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomiyama C, Carvalho AB, Higa A et al (2010) Coronary calcification is associated with lower bone formation rate in CKD patients not yet in dialysis treatment. J Bone Miner Res 25:499\u2013504","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2037_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.501","volume":"75","author":"P Ravani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ravani P, Malberti F, Tripepi G et al (2009) Vitamin D levels and patient outcome in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 75:88\u201395","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008111157","volume":"20","author":"IH de Boer","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Boer IH, Kestenbaum B, Shoben AB, Michos ED, Sarnak MJ, Siscovick DS (2009) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels inversely associate with risk for developing coronary artery calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:1805\u20131812","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR95","first-page":"1","volume":"2017","author":"Y-C Hou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hou Y-C, Liu W-C, Zheng C-M et al (2017) Role of vitamin D in uremic vascular calcification. Biomed Res Int 2017:1\u201313","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2037_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2002.5474","volume":"274","author":"H Drissi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Drissi H (2002) 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 suppresses the bone-related Runx2\/Cbfa1 gene promoter. Exp Cell Res 274:323\u2013333","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"2037_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000141960.01035.28","volume":"15","author":"JL Reynolds","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reynolds JL (2004) Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: a potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2857\u20132867","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05910809","volume":"5","author":"M Peacock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peacock M (2010) Calcium metabolism in health and disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:S23\u2013S30","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024382","volume":"9","author":"N Lioufas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lioufas N, Toussaint ND, Pedagogos E, Elder G, Badve SV, Pascoe E, Valks A, Hawley C, IMPROVE-CKD Writing Committee (2019) Can we IMPROVE cardiovascular outcomes through phosphate lowering in CKD? Rationale and protocol for the IMpact of Phosphate Reduction On Vascular End-points in Chronic Kidney Disease (IMPROVE-CKD) study. BMJ Open 9:e024382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024382","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2037_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06800615","volume":"11","author":"L Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel L, Bernard LM, Elder GJ (2016) Sevelamer versus calcium-based binders for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11:232\u2013244","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruospo M, Palmer SC, Natale P et al (2018) Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006023.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006023.pub3"},{"key":"2037_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Block GA, Wheeler DC, Persky MS et al (2012) Effects of phosphate binders in moderate CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:1407\u20131415","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030223"},{"key":"2037_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifert ME, de las Fuentes L, Rothstein M et al (2013) Effects of phosphate binder therapy on vascular stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 38:158\u2013167","DOI":"10.1159\/000353569"},{"key":"2037_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ix JH, Isakova T, Larive B et al (2019) Effects of nicotinamide and lanthanum carbonate on serum phosphate and fibroblast growth factor-23 in CKD: the COMBINE trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 30:1096\u20131108","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018101058"},{"key":"2037_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.09.068","volume":"297","author":"P Ciceri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciceri P, Falleni M, Tosi D, Martinelli C, Bulfamante G, Block GA, Messa P, Cozzolino M (2019) High-phosphate induced vascular calcification is reduced by iron citrate through inhibition of extracellular matrix osteo-chondrogenic shift in VSMCs. Int J CardiolS0167527319323873 297:94\u2013103","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2037_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040411","volume":"31","author":"ND Toussaint","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toussaint ND, Pedagogos E, Lioufas NM, Elder GJ, Pascoe EM, Badve SV, Valks A, Block GA, Boudville N, Cameron JD, Campbell KL, Chen SSM, Faull RJ, Holt SG, Jackson D, Jardine MJ, Johnson DW, Kerr PG, Lau KK, Hooi LS, Narayan O, Perkovic V, Polkinghorne KR, Pollock CA, Reidlinger D, Robison L, Smith ER, Walker RJ, Wang AYM, Hawley CM, IMPROVE-CKD Trial Investigators (2020) A randomized trial on the effect of phosphate reduction on vascular end points in CKD (IMPROVE-CKD). J Am Soc Nephrol 31:2653\u20132666","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0549-y","volume":"18","author":"AO Molnar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molnar AO, Biyani M, Hammond I et al (2017) Lower serum magnesium is associated with vascular calcification in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross sectional study. BMC Nephrol 18:129","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP68222","volume":"68","author":"E Ishimura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ishimura E, Okuno S, Kitatani K, Tsuchida T, Yamakawa T, Shioi A, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y (2007) Significant association between the presence of peripheral vascular calcification and lower serum magnesium in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 68:222\u2013227","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.473","volume":"3","author":"Y Bai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bai Y, Zhang J, Xu J et al (2015) Magnesium prevents \u03b2-glycerophosphate-induced calcification in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomed Rep 3:593\u2013597","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"2037_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20241-3","volume":"8","author":"AD ter Braake","year":"2018","unstructured":"ter Braake AD, Tinnemans PT, Shanahan CM et al (2018) Magnesium prevents vascular calcification in vitro by inhibition of hydroxyapatite crystal formation. Sci Rep 8:2069","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2037_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.152058","volume":"56","author":"AC Montezano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Montezano AC, Zimmerman D, Yusuf H et al (2010) Vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation to an osteogenic phenotype involves TRPM7 modulation by magnesium. Hypertension 56:453\u2013462","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2037_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr321","volume":"27","author":"F Kircelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kircelli F, Peter ME, Sevinc Ok E, Celenk FG, Yilmaz M, Steppan S, Asci G, Ok E, Passlick-Deetjen J (2012) Magnesium reduces calcification in bovine vascular smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:514\u2013521","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2037_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102046","volume":"11","author":"C Viegas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Viegas C, Ara\u00fajo N, Marreiros C, Simes D (2019) The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): challenging old concepts with new facts. Aging 11:4274\u20134299","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"2037_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.12.008","volume":"19","author":"LJ Schurgers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schurgers LJ, Uitto J, Reutelingsperger CP (2013) Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of matrix Gla-protein: a crucial switch to control ectopic mineralization. Trends Mol Med 19:217\u2013226","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2037_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.044","volume":"251","author":"P Aghagolzadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aghagolzadeh P, Bachtler M, Bijarnia R et al (2016) Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by secondary calciprotein particles and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1. Atherosclerosis 251:404\u2013414","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2037_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0216415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216415","volume":"14","author":"SR Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi SR, Lee Y-K, Cho AJ et al (2019) Malnutrition, inflammation, progression of vascular calcification and survival: inter-relationships in hemodialysis patients. PLoS One 14:e0216415","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2037_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12710-9","volume":"361","author":"M Ketteler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ketteler M, Bongartz P, Westenfeld R et al (2003) Association of low fetuin-a (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 361:827\u2013833","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2037_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F744","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00017.2015","volume":"309","author":"S Yamada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamada S, Tokumoto M, Tsuruya K, Tatsumoto N, Noguchi H, Kitazono T, Ooboshi H (2015) Fetuin-A decrease induced by a low-protein diet enhances vascular calcification in uremic rats with hyperphosphatemia. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 309:F744\u2013F754","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/36285","volume":"390","author":"M Kuro-o","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kuro-o M, Matsumura Y, Aizawa H et al (1997) Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature 390:45\u201351","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2037_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009121311","volume":"22","author":"MC Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J et al (2011) Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:124\u2013136","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.01.024","volume":"61","author":"HR Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim HR, Nam BY, Kim DW et al (2013) Circulating \u03b1-Klotho levels in CKD and relationship to progression. Am J Kidney Dis 61:899\u2013909","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.328","volume":"78","author":"M-C Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu M-C, Shi M, Zhang J, Qui\u00f1ones H, Kuro-o M, Moe OW (2010) Klotho deficiency is an early biomarker of renal ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury and its replacement is protective. Kidney Int 78:1240\u20131251","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-154765","volume":"24","author":"MC Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J, Pastor J, Nakatani T, Lanske B, Razzaque MS, Rosenblatt KP, Baum MG, Kuro-O M, Moe OW (2010) Klotho: a novel phosphaturic substance acting as an autocrine enzyme in the renal proximal tubule. FASEB J 24:3438\u20133450","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2037_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000452880","volume":"3","author":"X Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu X, Hu MC (2017) Klotho\/FGF23 axis in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Kidney Dis 3:15\u201323","journal-title":"Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1838-0","volume":"23","author":"L Desjardins","year":"2012","unstructured":"on behalf of the European Uremic Toxin (EUTox) Work Group, Desjardins L, Liabeuf S et al (2012) FGF23 is independently associated with vascular calcification but not bone mineral density in patients at various CKD stages. Osteoporos Int 23:2017\u20132025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2037_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61405","volume":"122","author":"V Shalhoub","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shalhoub V, Shatzen EM, Ward SC, Davis J, Stevens J, Bi V, Renshaw L, Hawkins N, Wang W, Chen C, Tsai MM, Cattley RC, Wronski TJ, Xia X, Li X, Henley C, Eschenberg M, Richards WG (2012) FGF23 neutralization improves chronic kidney disease\u2013associated hyperparathyroidism yet increases mortality. J Clin Invest 122:2543\u20132553","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2037_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1171","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00233.2010","volume":"299","author":"SS Fischer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fischer SS, Kempe DS, Leibrock CB, Rexhepaj R, Siraskar B, Boini KM, Ackermann TF, F\u00f6ller M, Hocher B, Rosenblatt KP, Kuro-o M, Lang F (2010) Hyperaldosteronism in Klotho-deficient mice. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 299:F1171\u2013F1177","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1982.14","volume":"21","author":"RJ Hen\u00e9","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hen\u00e9 RJ, Boer P, Koomans HA, Dorhout Mees EJ (1982) Plasma aldosterone concentrations in chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 21:98\u2013101","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000159937.05502.d1","volume":"96","author":"IZ Jaffe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jaffe IZ, Mendelsohn ME (2005) Angiotensin II and aldosterone regulate gene transcription via functional mineralocortocoid receptors in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 96:643\u2013650","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2037_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Voelkl J, Alesutan I, Leibrock CB et al (2013) Spironolactone ameliorates PIT1-dependent vascular osteoinduction in klotho-hypomorphic mice. J Clin Invest:JCI64093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI64093","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64093"},{"key":"2037_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010168","volume":"11","author":"M Cozzolino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Galassi A et al (2019) Vitamin K in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients 11:168","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2037_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.191","volume":"82","author":"ECM Cranenburg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cranenburg ECM, Schurgers LJ, Uiterwijk HH et al (2012) Vitamin K intake and status are low in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 82:605\u2013610","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2037_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177829","volume":"12","author":"CSB Viegas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viegas CSB, Costa RM, Santos L et al (2017) Gla-rich protein function as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes\/macrophages: implications for calcification-related chronic inflammatory diseases. PLoS One 12:e0177829","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2037_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304823","volume":"35","author":"CSB Viegas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viegas CSB, Rafael MS, Enriquez JL et al (2015) Gla-rich protein acts as a calcification inhibitor in the human cardiovascular system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 35:399\u2013408","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2037_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft459","volume":"29","author":"T Krueger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krueger T, Schlieper G, Schurgers L et al (2014) Vitamin K1 to slow vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients (VitaVasK trial): a rationale and study protocol. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29:1633\u20131638","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2037_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/386078a0","volume":"386","author":"G Luo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD et al (1997) Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 386:78\u201381","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2037_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23353-y","volume":"8","author":"BA Willems","year":"2018","unstructured":"Willems BA, Furmanik M, Caron MMJ et al (2018) Ucma\/GRP inhibits phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via SMAD-dependent BMP signalling. Sci Rep 8:4961","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2037_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1505292","volume":"378","author":"SU Nigwekar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nigwekar SU, Thadhani R, Brandenburg VM (2018) Calciphylaxis. N Engl J Med 378:1704\u20131714","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020020225","volume":"31","author":"MD Witham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Witham MD, Lees JS, White M et al (2020) Vitamin K supplementation to improve vascular stiffness in CKD: the K4Kidneys randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 31:2434\u20132445","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40697-015-0053-x","volume":"2","author":"RM Holden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holden RM, Booth SL, Day AG et al (2015) Inhibiting the progression of arterial calcification with vitamin K in HemoDialysis patients (iPACK-HD) trial: rationale and study design for a randomized trial of vitamin K in patients with end stage kidney disease. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2:53","journal-title":"Can J Kidney Health Dis"},{"key":"2037_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger T, Floege J (2014) Vitamin K antagonists: beyond bleeding. Semin Dial 27:37\u201341","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12175"},{"key":"2037_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK (1998) Warfarin causes rapid calcification of the elastic lamellae in rat arteries and heart valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:1400\u20131407","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.9.1400"},{"key":"2037_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger T, Oelenberg S, Kaesler N et al (2013) Warfarin induces cardiovascular damage in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33:2618\u20132624","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302244"},{"key":"2037_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81134","volume":"126","author":"V Zappulli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zappulli V, Friis KP, Fitzpatrick Z et al (2016) Extracellular vesicles and intercellular communication within the nervous system. J Clin Invest 126:1198\u20131207","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2037_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","volume":"30","author":"M Colombo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colombo M, Raposo G, Th\u00e9ry C (2014) Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 30:255\u2013289","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2037_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.53.210","volume":"53","author":"LL Horstman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Horstman LL, Jy W, Jimenez JJ, Bidot C, Ahn YS (2004) New horizons in the analysis of circulating cell-derived microparticles. Keio J Med 53:210\u2013230","journal-title":"Keio J Med"},{"key":"2037_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300858","volume":"114","author":"X Loyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loyer X, Vion A-C, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM (2014) Microvesicles as cell\u2013cell messengers in cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res 114:345\u2013353","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2037_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesri M, Altieri DC (1998) Endothelial cell activation by leukocyte microparticles. J Immunol 161:4382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.8.4382"},{"key":"2037_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mack M, Kleinschmidt A, Br\u00fchl H, Klier C, Nelson PJ, Cihak J, Plach\u00fd J, Stangassinger M, Erfle V, Schl\u00f6ndorff D (2000) Transfer of the chemokine receptor CCR5 between cells by membrane-derived microparticles: a mechanism for cellular human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. Nat Med 6:769\u2013775","DOI":"10.1038\/77498"},{"key":"2037_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rectenwald JE, Myers DD, Hawley AE et al (2005) D-dimer, P-selectin, and microparticles: novel markers to predict deep venous thrombosis: a pilot study. Thromb Haemost 94:1312\u20131317","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-06-0426"},{"key":"2037_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnier L, Fontana P, Kwak BR, Angelillo-Scherrer A (2009) Cell-derived microparticles in haemostasis and vascular medicine. Thromb Haemost 101:439\u2013451","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-08-0521"},{"key":"2037_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamant M, Tushuizen ME, Sturk A, Nieuwland R (2004) Cellular microparticles: new players in the field of vascular disease? Eur J Clin Investig 34:392\u2013401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2004.01355.x"},{"key":"2037_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal-Mizrachi L, Jy W, Fierro C, Macdonough R, Velazques HA, Purow J, Jimenez JJ, Horstman LL, Ferreira A, de Marchena E, Ahn YS (2004) Endothelial microparticles correlate with high-risk angiographic lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 97:439\u2013446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.10.029"},{"key":"2037_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulanger CM, Amabile N, Gu\u00e9rin AP et al (2007) In vivo shear stress determines circulating levels of endothelial microparticles in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 49:902\u2013908","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000259667.22309.df"},{"key":"2037_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001720","volume":"128","author":"F Jansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jansen F, Yang X, Hoelscher M, Cattelan A, Schmitz T, Proebsting S, Wenzel D, Vosen S, Franklin BS, Fleischmann BK, Nickenig G, Werner N (2013) Endothelial microparticle\u2013mediated transfer of MicroRNA-126 promotes vascular endothelial cell repair via SPRED1 and is abrogated in glucose-damaged endothelial microparticles. Circulation 128:2026\u20132038","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2037_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01780.x","volume":"4","author":"V Faure","year":"2006","unstructured":"Faure V, Dou L, Sabatier F et al (2006) Elevation of circulating endothelial microparticles in patients with chronic renal failure. J Thromb Haemost 4:566\u2013573","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2037_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72663","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072663","volume":"8","author":"JO Burton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burton JO, Hamali HA, Singh R et al (2013) Elevated levels of procoagulant plasma microvesicles in dialysis patients. PLoS One 8:e72663","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2037_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00666","volume":"8","author":"A Carmona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carmona A, Guerrero F, Buendia P et al (2017) Microvesicles derived from indoxyl sulfate treated endothelial cells induce endothelial progenitor cells dysfunction. Front Physiol 8:666","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr573","volume":"27","author":"N Amabile","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amabile N, Guerin AP, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM, London GM (2012) Predictive value of circulating endothelial microparticles for cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal failure: a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:1873\u20131880","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2037_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005050535","volume":"16","author":"N Amabile","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amabile N, Gu\u00e9rin AP, Leroyer A, Mallat Z, Nguyen C, Boddaert J, London GM, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM (2005) Circulating endothelial microparticles are associated with vascular dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:3381\u20133388","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2012.07.009","volume":"22","author":"AN Kapustin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kapustin AN, Shanahan CM (2012) Calcium regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell\u2013derived matrix vesicles. Trends Cardiovasc Med 22:133\u2013137","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2037_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310578","volume":"38","author":"CSB Viegas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viegas CSB, Santos L, Macedo AL, Matos AA, Silva AP, Neves PL, Staes A, Gevaert K, Morais R, Vermeer C, Schurgers L, Simes DC (2018) Chronic kidney disease circulating calciprotein particles and extracellular vesicles promote vascular calcification: a role for GRP (Gla-rich protein). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 38:575\u2013587","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2037_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978","volume":"12","author":"S EL Andaloussi","year":"2013","unstructured":"EL Andaloussi S, M\u00e4ger I, Breakefield XO, Wood MJA (2013) Extracellular vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 12:347\u2013357","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2037_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang D, Tan S, Yang Z, Jiang P, Qin C, Yuan Q, Dang R, Yao X, Qu J, Lu Q, Xu P, Zhang B, Xiang D, Chen L (2018) Dihydromyricetin attenuates TNF- \u03b1 -induced endothelial dysfunction through miR-21-mediated DDAH1\/ADMA\/NO signal pathway. Biomed Res Int 2018:1\u201312","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1047810"},{"key":"2037_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasian N, Herbert KE, Pawluczyk I et al (2018) Vesicles bearing gifts: the functional importance of micro-RNA transfer in extracellular vesicles in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 315:F1430\u2013F1443","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00318.2018"},{"key":"2037_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314010","volume":"124","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Li Q, Hosen MR, Zietzer A, Flender A, Levermann P, Schmitz T, Fr\u00fchwald D, Goody P, Nickenig G, Werner N, Jansen F (2019) Atherosclerotic conditions promote the packaging of functional MicroRNA-92a-3p into endothelial microvesicles. Circ Res 124:575\u2013587","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2037_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1983-3","volume":"17","author":"H Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim H, Bae Y-U, Jeon JS, Noh H, Park HK, Byun DW, Han DC, Ryu S, Kwon SH (2019) The circulating exosomal microRNAs related to albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med 17:236","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2037_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F982","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00569.2016","volume":"312","author":"J Muralidharan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muralidharan J, Ramezani A, Hubal M et al (2017) Extracellular microRNA signature in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 312:F982\u2013F991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zietzer A, Steffen E, Niepmann S et al (2020) MicroRNA-mediated vascular intercellular communication is altered in chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Res:cvaa322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa322","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa322"},{"key":"2037_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016111215","volume":"28","author":"F Shang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shang F, Wang S-C, Hsu C-Y, Miao Y, Martin M, Yin Y, Wu CC, Wang YT, Wu G, Chien S, Huang HD, Tarng DC, Shiu YT, Cheung AK, Huang PH, Chen Z, Shyy JYJ (2017) MicroRNA-92a mediates endothelial dysfunction in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 28:3251\u20133261","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2037_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.023","volume":"282","author":"CB Wiese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiese CB, Zhong J, Xu Z-Q, Zhang Y, Ramirez Solano MA, Zhu W, Linton MRF, Sheng Q, Kon V, Vickers KC (2019) Dual inhibition of endothelial miR-92a-3p and miR-489-3p reduces renal injury-associated atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 282:121\u2013131","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2037_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.024","volume":"280","author":"M K\u00e9tszeri","year":"2019","unstructured":"K\u00e9tszeri M, Kirsch A, Frauscher B, Moschovaki-Filippidou F, Mooslechner AA, Kirsch AH, Schabhuettl C, Aringer I, Artinger K, Pregartner G, Ekart R, Breznik S, Hojs R, Goessler W, Schilcher I, M\u00fcller H, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Frank S, Rosenkranz AR, Eller P, Eller K (2019) MicroRNA-142-3p improves vascular relaxation in uremia. Atherosclerosis 280:28\u201336","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2037_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/cells3040963","volume":"3","author":"J Leopold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leopold J (2014) MicroRNAs regulate vascular medial calcification. Cells 3:963\u2013980","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2037_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao X-B, Zhang Z-Y, Yuan K et al (2013) MiR-133a modulates osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 154:3344\u20133352","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2236"},{"key":"2037_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui R-R, Li S-J, Liu L-J et al (2012) MicroRNA-204 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell calcification in vitro and in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 96:320\u2013329","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs258"},{"key":"2037_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao W, Chen L, Zhang M (2014) MicroRNA-205 regulates the calcification and osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 33:1945\u20131953","DOI":"10.1159\/000362971"},{"key":"2037_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J, Xiao X, Shen Y et al (2017) MicroRNA-32 promotes calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells: implications as a novel marker for coronary artery calcification. PLoS One 12:e0174138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174138"},{"key":"2037_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003905","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.003905","volume":"1","author":"JAF Balderman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balderman JAF, Lee H, Mahoney CE et al (2012) Bone morphogenetic protein-2 decreases microRNA-30b and microRNA-30c to promote vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 1:e003905","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2037_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14306","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28130","volume":"234","author":"T Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu T, Qiu X, Sheng Z et al (2019) Restoration of microRNA-30b expression alleviates vascular calcification through the mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy. J Cell Physiol 234:14306\u201314318","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2037_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.06.016","volume":"179","author":"C Goettsch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goettsch C, Rauner M, Pacyna N, Hempel U, Bornstein SR, Hofbauer LC (2011) miR-125b regulates calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol 179:1594\u20131600","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2037_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309566","volume":"37","author":"C-T Chao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chao C-T, Liu Y-P, Su S-F, Yeh HY, Chen HY, Lee PJ, Chen WJ, Lee YM, Huang JW, Chiang CK, Hung KY, Chen HW (2017) Circulating microRNA-125b predicts the presence and progression of uremic vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 37:1402\u20131414","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2037_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064558","volume":"8","author":"NX Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen NX, Kiattisunthorn K, O\u2019Neill KD et al (2013) Decreased microRNA is involved in the vascular remodeling abnormalities in chronic kidney disease (CKD). PLoS One 8:e64558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0064558","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2037_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chao C, Yuan T, Yeh H et al (2019) Risk factors associated with altered circulating microRNA-125b and their influences on uremic vascular calcification among patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Heart Assoc 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.118.010805","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010805"},{"key":"2037_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.85","volume":"92","author":"T Gui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gui T, Zhou G, Sun Y, Shimokado A, Itoh S, Oikawa K, Muragaki Y (2012) MicroRNAs that target Ca2+ transporters are involved in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Lab Investig 92:1250\u20131259","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"key":"2037_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2019.105645","volume":"118","author":"W Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan W, Liang J, Tang H, Fang X, Wang F, Ding Y, Huang H, Zhang H (2020) Differentially expressed microRNA profiles in exosomes from vascular smooth muscle cells associated with coronary artery calcification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 118:105645","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T17:42:39Z","timestamp":1697650959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0946-2716","1432-1440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0946-2716","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1440","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}