{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:57:21Z","timestamp":1778659041693,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005687","name":"Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DFG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Mol Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple myeloma patients are often treated with immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, or monoclonal antibodies until disease progression. Continuous therapy in combination with the underlying disease frequently results in severe humoral and cellular immunodeficiency, which often manifests in recurrent infections. Here, we report on the clinical management and immunological data of three multiple-myeloma patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Despite severe hypogammaglobulinemia, deteriorated T cell counts, and neutropenia, the patients were able to combat COVID-19 by balanced response of innate immunity, strong CD8+\u2009and CD4+\u2009T cell activation and differentiation, development of specific T-cell memory subsets, and development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 type IgM and IgG antibodies with virus-neutralizing capacities. Even 12\u00a0months after re-introduction of lenalidomide maintenance therapy, antibody levels and virus-neutralizing antibody titers remained detectable, indicating persisting immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We conclude that in MM patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were receiving active MM treatment, immune response assessment could be a useful tool to help guide decision-making regarding the continuation of anti-tumor therapy and supportive therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key messages<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Immunosuppression due to multiple myeloma might not be the crucial factor that is affecting the course of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In this case, despite pre-existing severe deficits in CD4+ T-cell counts and IgA und IgM deficiency, we noticed a robust humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Evaluation of immune response and antibody titers in MM patients that were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and are on active MM treatment should be performed on a larger scale; the findings might affect further treatment recommendations for COVID-19, MM treatment re-introduction, and isolation measures.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02114-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T21:52:20Z","timestamp":1634507540000},"page":"463-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["COVID-19 in multiple-myeloma patients: cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in a short- and long-term view"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"von Metzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Campe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Huenecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc S.","family":"Raab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Goldschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger F.","family":"Rabenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Ciesek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Serve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8530-1192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Ullrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R et al (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China N Engl J Med 382:727\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017. Epub 2020 Jan 24. PMID: 31978945; PMCID: PMC7092803","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"2114_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hultcrantz M, Richter J, Rosenbaum C, Patel D, Smith E, Korde N, Lu S, Mailankody S, Shah U, Lesokhin A et al (2020) COVID-19 infections and outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma in New York City: a cohort study from five academic centers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-20-0102. PMID: 32577667; PMCID: PMC7302217","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-20-0102"},{"key":"2114_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Engelhardt M, Shoumariyeh K, R\u00f6sner A, Ihorst G, Biavasco F, Meckel K, von Metzler I, Treurich S, Hebart H, Grube M et al (2020) Clinical characteristics and outcome of multiple myeloma patients with concomitant COVID-19 at Comprehensive Cancer Centers in Germany. Haematologica 105:2872\u20132878.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2020.262758. Epub ahead of print. 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