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This leads to a severe clinical condition caused by a multi-organ accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs\/GAG) heparan- and dermatan-sulfate, whose elevated levels can be detected in body fluids. Since 2006, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been clinically applied, showing efficacy in some peripheral districts. In addition to clinical monitoring, GAG dosage has been commonly used to evaluate ERT efficacy. However, a strict long-term monitoring of GAG content and composition in body fluids has been rarely performed. Here, we report the characterization of plasma and urine GAGs in <jats:italic>Ids<\/jats:italic> knock-out (Ids-ko) compared to wild-type (WT) mice, and their changes along a 24-week follow-up, with and without ERT. The concentration of heparan-sulfate (HS), chondroitin-sulfate (CS), and dermatan-sulfate (DS), and of the non-sulfated hyaluronic acid (HA), together with their differentially sulfated species, was quantified by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. In untreated Ids-ko mice, HS and CS\u2009+\u2009DS were noticeably increased at all time points, while during ERT follow-up, a substantial decrease was evidenced for HS and, to a minor extent, for CS\u2009+\u2009DS. Moreover, several structural parameters were altered in untreated ko mice and reduced after ERT, however without reaching physiological values. Among these, disaccharide B and HS 2s disaccharide showed to be the most interesting candidates as biomarkers for MPS II. GAG chemical signature here defined provides potential biomarkers useful for an early diagnosis of MPS II, a more accurate follow-up of ERT, and efficacy evaluations of newly proposed therapies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>\n                           <jats:bold>Key messages<\/jats:bold>\n                        <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Plasmatic and urinary GAGs are useful markers for MPS II early diagnosis and prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>CE-LIF allows GAG structural analysis and the quantification of 17 different disaccharides.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Most GAG species increase and many structural features are altered in MPS II mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>GAG alterations tend to restore to wild-type levels following ERT administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>CS+DS\/HS ratio, % 2,4dis CS+DS, and % HS 2s are potential markers for MPS II pathology and ERT efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-022-02221-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T12:03:34Z","timestamp":1657541014000},"page":"1169-1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Glycosaminoglycan signatures in body fluids of mucopolysaccharidosis type II mouse model under long-term enzyme replacement therapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Maccari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rigon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Galeotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Salvalaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"D\u2019Avanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Zanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Capitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orazio","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosella","family":"Tomanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Volpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2221_CR1","unstructured":"Neufeld E, Muenzer J (2001) The mucopolysaccharidoses. 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