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While 3D CT improves accuracy, virtual reality (VR) may enhance training. This study assessed whether a\u00a0VR simulator improves classification accuracy and understanding in inexperienced users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An HTC VIVE Pro headset and an Alienware m15 R4 computer were utilized. Programming was done in Unity (2021.3.4f1 LTS), and segmentation in Slicer3D. In total, 83\u00a0ninth-semester medical students, divided into a\u00a0VR group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u200944) and a\u00a03D control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u200939), took part. Participants had to classify 11\u00a0acetabular fractures, supported by pictograms if needed, followed by a\u00a0user survey. Accuracy was compared.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All participants completed the study. Overall, 68% had no prior knowledge of the classification. The control group achieved a\u00a0median of 27% (interquartile range [IQR]: 14\u201336%) correct classifications, while the VR group reached 45% (IQR: 36\u201364%), showing higher accuracy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.001). In general, essential fractures were classified significantly more accurately than associated fractures (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u20090.001). The VR system was rated as more intuitive than the 3D software (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u20090.025).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The VR simulator significantly improved acetabular fracture classification among inexperienced users. It is intuitive, easy to use, and offers strong potential for future surgical training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-026-01705-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:55:12Z","timestamp":1775030112000},"page":"465-472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual reality as classification aid for acetabular fractures","Virtual Reality als Klassifikationshilfe f\u00fcr Acetabulumfrakturen"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Vincent K.","family":"Schenk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Dieges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian M.","family":"Menger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Histing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Herath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus A.","family":"K\u00fcper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Schiltenwolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof K.","family":"Audretsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1705_CR1","first-page":"831","volume":"106","author":"E Melhem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Melhem\u00a0E et\u00a0al (2020) Epidemiology of pelvic and acetabular fractures in France. 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Only anonymized age data were collected. All participants gave informed consent to participate in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}